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Foundations Of Medicine > 7.6 Thyroid and Parathyroid > Flashcards

7.6 Thyroid and Parathyroid Flashcards

1
Q

What is the width of the hypothalamus? How much does it weigh?

A

4cm, 15-20g

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2
Q

What cells make up most of the thyroid

A

Follicular Cells

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3
Q

What is the name of the middle of the thyroid bow tie?

A

Isthmus

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4
Q

What type of epithelium are follicular cells

A

Cuboidal Simple

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5
Q

What does thyroid colloid contain? What does this substance do?

A
  • Thyroglobulin
  • Protein backbone on which thyroid hormones are made
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6
Q

What hormones do c cells secrete?

A

Calcitonin

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7
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A
  • Opposes parathyroid hormone
  • Reduces bone resorption
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8
Q

Why does it makes sense that there are many capillaries in the thyroid?

A

It secretes hormone

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9
Q

True or false: iodine is essential in thyroid hormone manufacture

A

True. Think (hydrocarbon structure)

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10
Q

Which cell types do thyroid hormones act on?

A

All of them

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11
Q

What are the effects of thyroid hormones on metabolic pathways? How does this influence body temp?

A
  • Boost energy metabolism
  • Increase body temp
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12
Q

What are the effects of thyroid hormone on cellular differentiation and development?

A

Promote development and differentiation, including neurons and supporting cells of CNS`

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13
Q

What is the influence of T3 and T4 on TRH and TSH?

A

Decreases. It also inhibits synthesis of these hormones and receptors up to TSH secretion

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14
Q

Why does it make sense that most thyroid hormones are bound to carrier proteins in the blood (99.5%). What effect does this have on its biological activity?

A
  • Large hydrocarbon structure, insoluble in plasma without protein
  • Only biologically active when unbound
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15
Q

What are the non genomic effects of TSH?

A
  • Enhances iodide pump activity (inc. iodide in thyroid)
  • Inc. Iodination of tyrosine (inc. T3 and T4)
  • Inc. Proteoysis of thyroglobulin (inc. T3 and T4 release)
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16
Q

What are the genomic effects of TSH?

A

Promotes transcription for:
- Iodide pump, thryoglobulin, T3 and T4 synthesis enzymes
- Nitric oxide synthase (vasodilation
-> inc. blood flow)
- Local growth factors (hyperplasia and hypertrophy of thyroid)

17
Q

What are two carrier proteins that bind to thyroid hormones?

A
  • Thyroxin binding globulin
  • Albumin
18
Q

What type of receptor are G protein receptors?

A

G-protein receptors

19
Q

Where are thyroid receptors located?

A

In the nucleus of a cell, at regions of DNA called thyroid response elements

20
Q

How do thyroid hormones increase the contractility of heart muscle?

A
  • Increased calcium and sodium potassium pumps
  • Increased beta adrenergic receptors
21
Q

List two kinds of hormones that thyroid hormones are permissive to

A
  • Growth hormone
  • Catecholamines
22
Q

Describe Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. What type of hypothyroidism is it?

A

Autoantibodies attack components of the thyroid hormone production and excretion system (e.g. thyroglobulin, TSH receptor). This is primary hypothyroidism

23
Q

What is secondary hypothyroidism?

A

Caused by adenoma/destruction of pituitary gland

24
Q

What it tertiary hypothyroidism?

A

Hypothalamic defecit (rare)

25
Q

What it peripheral hypothyroidism?

A

Peripheral tissues do not respond appropriately to thyroid hormones. Often occur due to hereditary mutations in thyroid hormone receptors.

26
Q

What three hormones are involved in calcium regulation?

A
  • Parathyroid hormone
  • Activated Vitamin D (Calcitriol)
  • Calcitonin
27
Q

How do the kidneys (in conjunction with PTH) help increase calcium reabsorption (beyond their regular function)?

A

PTH increases the activity of an enzyme produced in the kidney that converts vitamin D into its active form: calcitriol

28
Q

How does PTH influence phosphate reabsorption

A

Increases

29
Q

What type of hormone is vitamin D? What organs are involved in the activation of vitamin D into calcitriol?

A
  • Steroid hormone
  • Activated by kidneys and liver
30
Q

How does PTH contribute to the activation of Vitamin D

A

Increase activity of kidney hydroxylases

31
Q

Which three structures does calcitriol increase the concentration of to exert its effect?

A
  • Calcium channels
  • Calbindin (carries across cell)
  • Calcium ATPase pumps, into extracellular fluid
32
Q

What type of receptors are calcitonin receptors? Where are they found?

A
  • G-protein coupled
  • Found on osteoclasts, kidney, brain

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