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Foundations Of Medicine > 5.1 Organisation of the Nervous System - Divisions and Main Cell Types > Flashcards

5.1 Organisation of the Nervous System - Divisions and Main Cell Types Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the function of glial cells

A

Nourishing and supporting cells and their surrounding environment

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2
Q

Which cells make up the vast majority of the nervous system?

A

Glial cells

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3
Q

What does “glia” mean?

A

Glue

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4
Q

List four kinds of glial cells

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependyma
  • Oligodendrocytes
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5
Q

Can glial cells be replicated? How does this differ from neurons?

A

Glial cells can be replicated. Neurons can’t

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6
Q

What is the function of microglia? What response are they involved?

A
  • Defense cells (phagocytes)
  • Patrolling “macrophages” of the CNS
  • Remove foreign particles via phagocytosis
  • Involved in inflammatory response
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7
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A
  • Star shaped
  • Structural and chemical support, comprises the blood brain barrier
  • Multiple processes extending from body
  • Regulates concentrations
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8
Q

What is the difference in relative size between astrocytes and microglia?

A

Astrocytes are bigger.

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9
Q

What concentrations do astrocytes regulate?

A
  • Ions
  • Nutrients
  • Interstitial gases
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10
Q

Why is it significant that astrocytes are present at synapses?

A
  • Astrocytes absorb and recycle neurotransmitters
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11
Q

What are glial scars?

A

Scars that repair nervous tissue (but do not regenerate)

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12
Q

Provide a brief description of the function and location of satellite cells

A

Astrocytes of the PNS

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13
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A
  • Line ventricles of brain
  • Produce and secrete CSF, and aid in its circulation
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14
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Produce myelin sheath (think: Deep Work)

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15
Q

How many processes can an oligodendrocyte contain?

A

15 (basically spiderman)

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16
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A

The olgiodendrocytes of the PNS

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17
Q

How many processes can a Schwann cell contain?

A

One. Much more loyal than oligodendrocytes

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18
Q

Are there any fenestrations in the blood brain barrier?

A

No. Don’t be fucking stupid

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19
Q

How is it ensured that there are no gaps in the blood brain barrier?

A

Tight junctions between endothelial cells

20
Q

What is the largest type of neuroglial cells?

A

Astrocytes

21
Q

What is the name given to the “feet” of astrocytes?

A

Podocytes

22
Q

Describe the different structures present within the blood brain barrier

A
  • Endothelial cells
  • Pericytes
  • Podocytes of astrocytes
  • Basement membrane (inherent to epithelium)
23
Q

What are cranial nerves?

A

Nerves that come from the brainstem

24
Q

What are spinal nerves?

A

Nerves that come from the spine

25
Q

What are ganglia?

A

Collections of neuronal cell bodies

26
Q

What are the anatomical divisions of the nervous system?

A

PNS and CNS

27
Q

What are the two ways we can functionally divide the nervous system?

A
  • Somatic, autonomic, enteric
  • Sensory, motor, integrated
28
Q

Can we control the autonomic nervous system?

A

No

29
Q

Can we voluntarily control the somatic nervous system?

A

Yes

29
Q

Can we voluntarily control the somatic nervous system?

A

Yes

30
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

31
Q

What is the axon hillock? Where/what is it?

A

Site of action potential initiation. It is the conical projection that connects the cell body to the axon

32
Q

What are the ends of axons called?

A

Axon terminals

33
Q

What are Nissl bodies?

A

Accumulations of ribosomes on the rough ER

34
Q

What is meant by anterograde in terms of nervous transmission?

A

Toward the axon terminal

35
Q

What is meant by retrograde in terms of nervous transmission?

A

Toward the soma

36
Q

What is the name given to the three kinds of neuron connections?

A

Neuron-Neuron: Synapse
Neuron-Gland: Neuroglandular synapse
Neuron-Muscle: Neuromuscular junction

37
Q

Why is grey matter grey?

A

Because it is filled with closely-packed cell bodies

38
Q

Describe the location of grey/white matter in the brain vs spinal cord

A

Brain: Grey outside, white inside
Spine: Grey inside (butterfly), white outside

39
Q

Why is white matter white?

A

White from myelin of axons

40
Q

Neuron vs nerve

A

Neuron: Single cell
Nerve: Multiple neurons with connective tissue

41
Q

Can electrical signals travel both ways along an axon?

A

Check

42
Q

What are the four classifications of neuron by shape?

A
  • Multipolar
  • Bipolar
  • Pesudo-Unipolar
  • Unipolar

(Relates to number of cytoplasmic extensions)

43
Q

Which is the most common shape of neurons in the CNS?

A

Multipolar cells

44
Q

What types of neurons are multipolar?

A

Motor neurons and interneurons.

45
Q

Where are unipolar/psuedo-unipolar neurons mostly present?

A

Sensory nervous system

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