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Foundations Of Medicine > 4.3 Lower Respiratory Tract Histology > Flashcards

4.3 Lower Respiratory Tract Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the conduction pathways of the respiratory system?

A
  • Nostrils
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Terminal Bronchioles
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2
Q

What are the gas exchange surfaces of the respiratory system?

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveoli
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3
Q

What three main functions of the respiratory system do its histological structures correspond with?

A
  • Air conduction
  • Air modification
  • Gas exchange
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4
Q

What is the inner layer of an airway called?

A

Mucosa

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5
Q

What is the inner layer of an airway composed of?

A

[Mucosa]
- Epithelium
- Basement membrane
- Lamina propria (loose connective tissue)

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6
Q

What structures may exist in the lamina propria of the mucosa?

A
  • Glands
  • Smooth muscle
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7
Q

What is the layer of the airway beneath the mucosa called?

A

Submucosa

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8
Q

What type of connective tissue is found in the submucosa of airways? What structures are found in this layer?

A
  • Dense (fibrous)

Structures found include:
- Hyaline cartilage
- Large veins

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9
Q

What is the outer layer of an airway called?

A

Adventita

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10
Q

What does the adventitia of airways contain?

A

Connective tissue

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11
Q

Describe respiratory epithelium.

A
  • Psuedostratified columnar epithelium with ciliated cells and goblet cells
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12
Q

What are the glands called that exist in the lamina propria under respiratory epithelium?

A

Seromucous glands (sero: water, mucous: mucous)

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13
Q

What is the smooth muscle that lines the wall of the trachea called?

A

Trachealis muscle

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14
Q

What is the role of the trachealis muscle?

A

To join the ends of the hyaline cartilage rings that encircle the trachea

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15
Q

What does it mean for an airway to be patent?

A

Open

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16
Q

What are the three kinds of cells in respiratory epithelium (imagine a diagram in your head)

A
  1. Ciliated cells
  2. Goblet cells
  3. Basal cells (stem cells)
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17
Q

What are the two less common types of cell present in respiratory epithelium?

A
  • Brush sensors with microvilli: chemosensory receptors associated with nerve fibres
  • Small granule cell: release hormones and cytokines
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18
Q

What is the name of the loose connective tissue that lies in the mucosal layer under respiratory epithelial cells?

A

Lamina Propria

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19
Q

What does lamina propria contain (four things) in the lining of airways?

A
  • Defense cells (MLP)
  • Elastic fibres
  • Mixed serous (s) and mucous (m) glands, forming seromucous glands
  • Vessels (e.g., mucosal venules)
20
Q

Describe the transition between the mucosa and submucosa of airways

A

Gradual transition from loose to dense CT. No identifiable boundaries.

21
Q

What are the four functions of respiratory mucosa?

A
  1. Serous secretions hydrate coating layer and humidify air
  2. Heat transfer from mucosal venules warms air
    (think: the air needs to be WARM and MOIST)
  3. Mucociliary escalator
  4. Immune function
22
Q

How does the respiratory mucosa remove pathogens?

A

Things that cannot get across the membrane:
- Immunglobulins, antiproteases and lysozymes are added to the viscous film to disarm bacteria

Things that do get across the membrane:
- Defence cells in lamina propria (MLP)

23
Q

Which part of an airway is responsible for holding the airway open?

A

Cartilage

24
Q

Where is cartilage generally considered to be located within an airway?

A

Submucosa

25
Q

What is the name given to the connective tissue that surrounds hyaline cartilage? Is it loose or dense,m and regular or irregular?

A
  • Perichondrium (around cartilage)
  • Dense, regular connective tissue
26
Q

What type of connective tissue is present in the adventitia of airways?

A

Loose

27
Q

What causes the sponge-like appearance of lung tissue?

A

Numerous alveoli/air sacs

28
Q

What is the singular term for alveoli?

A

Alveolus

29
Q

What is the name of the walls between alveoli?

A

Interalveolar septae

30
Q

What type of cells lines interalveolar septae?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

31
Q

Describe the internal composition of interalveolar septae

A
  • Very little smooth muscle
  • Many elastic fibres
  • Extensive capillary network
32
Q

What are the different names that can be used to refer to pneumocytes?

A

Pneumocytes, septal cells, alveolar cells

33
Q

Name and describe the two types of pneumocytes

A

Type 1: Squamous for exchange
Type 2: Cuboidal, secretes surfactant

34
Q

other than type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes, what is the other common type of cell in the lungs? Is it part of the eipthelium itself?

A
  • Alveolar macrophages
  • Not part of the epithelium; sits on top instead
35
Q

Are type 1 or type 2 squamous epithelial cells more common in the lungs?

A

Type 1

36
Q

Where is surfactant stored before it is secreted?

A

Secretory granules in type 2 pneumocytes

37
Q

What are the roles of secretions from type 2 pneumocytes?

A
  • Decrease alveolar surface tension
  • Clear foreign materials
  • Modulate alveolar immune responses
38
Q

Before differentiation, what types of cells are alveolar macrophages? Where do they differentiate?

A
  • Originally monocytes
  • Differentiate in lungs
39
Q

What are the different possible fates of alveolar macrophages?

A
  • Pass up mucociliary escalator
  • Remain in situ in septal CT
  • Moved in lymph to pulmonary lymph nodes
40
Q

What are the two sets of vessels that take blood to the lungs?

A
  • Take the blood to be oxygenated
  • Deliver oxygen to cells in the lungs
41
Q

Why is the interalveolar septum also known as the respiratory membrane?

A

It isn’t:

  • The respiratory membrane is the barrier between air and blood
  • The interalveolar septum is the wall between alveoli
42
Q

Recall the structure of the interalveolar septum

A
  • Epithelium (type 1 and 2 pneumocytes)
  • Basement membrane (incl. basal and retiular lamina
  • Connective tissue (low smooth muscle, high elastic, high capillary network
43
Q

What does attenuated mean?

A

Very thin

44
Q

What are the three layers of the respiratory membrane?

A
  • Epithelium (type 1 septal cells)
  • Basement membrane (double-sided basal lamina)
  • Endothelium of capillary
45
Q

Where are the organelles located within type 1 alveolar cells?

A

Perinuclear (around nucleus). Away from the main exchange site

46
Q

What type of vesicles assist with gas exchange in the alveoli?

A

Pinocytotic vesicles

Foundations Of Medicine (98 decks)

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