Unit 2 Topic 5 Flashcards
What is the DTM?
Demographic Transition Model Tries to answer the questions of why patterns of growth and decline occur throughout the course of history.
What are all stages of the DTM?
high stationary stage,
early expanding stage,
late expanding stage,
low stationary stage,
natural decrease stage
What are limits of the DTM?
The DTM only considers birth and death rates
Applications of the DTM are mainly restricted to Western countries
Explain stage 1 of the DTM.
Pre-Industrial life and mainly relies on farming
The birth rate and death rate is high
The natural rate of increase is close to zero
No country is in this state
Example: Indigenous groups in the Amazon
Explain stage 2 of the DTM.
Beginnings of industrialization
Birth rate remains high
The death rate starts to fall rapidly
More access to food and vaccination
The population increases rapidly
Sees the emergence of grandparents
Examples: Niger, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Somalia, etc.
Explain stage 3 of the DTM.
Continuation of industrialization and a growing economy
The birth rate starts to decrease but is still higher than the death rate
The death rate continues to fall down at a slower rate
The natural increase starts to slow down
The population is still growing
The country starts becoming industrialized
Total fertility rate goes down
Examples: Mexico, India, Colombia, South Africa, etc.
Explain stage 4 of the DTM.
The country is mainly industrialized
The birth rates and death rates have become low
The population of the country rises and then becomes stable
Diseases of old age are to be worried in this stage
Examples: China, Brazil, the United States, Argentina, etc.
Explain stage 5 of the DTM.
The birth rate is decreasing
The death rate is now higher than the birth rate
The population of the country is now slowly declining
Examples: Japan, Germany, Estonia, Ukraine, etc.
What is the ETM?
Explains demographic transition not with levels of industrialization and development, but through the lens of disease and death rate.
Explain stage 1 of the ETM.
High Death Rate
Low Life Expectancy
Although a population can grow, it’s usually in small bursts and is not sustained
Infant mortality rate is high
Causes of death: Pandemics, droughts, starvation, malnutrition, etc.
Explain stage 2 of the ETM.
Increased life expectancy
Death rates decrease
New medicine and vaccination
Better infrastructure (hospitals, sewers, plumbing, etc.)
Fewer infectious/parasitic diseases
Explain stage 3 of the ETM.
Life expectancy increases more
Causes of death: Chronic diseases; cancer and heart diseases
Explain stage 4 of the ETM.
Highest life expectancy seen
Infectious diseases from the third stage now have effective medical interventions
People are able to survive cancer/heart disease
Explain stage 5 of the ETM.
Infectious diseases come back by developing an immunity to our drugs and antibiotics
Decreased life expectancy
Factors: Disease evolution, poverty, increased contact with possible infectors
What are limitations of the ETM.
It’s an oversimplification of demographic change based only on death rates and disease
The ETM doesn’t account for poverty as a significant cause of the spread of disease
