The Perineum

Question 1

body & ligamentous boundaries of the perineum:

the perineum is the ___-shaped, ___-filled area b/n the ___

it extends from the inferior aspect of the ___ to the ___ & contains the external openings of the ___ & ___ tracts

the lateral boundaries of the perineum are formed by a series of ___ &___

Answer 1

diamond
tissue
thighs

pelvic diaphragm
skin
urogenital
gastrointestinal

bones
ligaments

Question 2

body & ligamentous boundaries of the perineum:
boundaries:

superior: ___
inferior: ___
anterior: ___
anterior & lateral: ___
posterior & lateral: ___
posterior: ___

Answer 2

pelvic diaphragm
skin of teh perineal region
pubis symphysis
ischiopubic ramus
sacrotuberous ligament
coccyx

Question 3

body & ligamentous boundaries of the perineum:

an imaginary line passing b/n the two ___ divides the perineum into ___ & ___ triangles

Answer 3

ischial tuberosities
urogenital
anal

Question 4

the urogenital triangle:

the urogenital triangle contains the external openings of the ___ (in both males & females) & the ___ (in females)

within the urogenital triangle there are two pouches: ___ & ___

the perineal pouches contain ___, ___, & other ___

Answer 4

urethra
vagina

superficial perineal pouch
deep perineal pouch

muscles
glands
tissues

Question 5

the urogenital triangle:
the superficial perineal pouch:

the superficial perineal pouch is an enclosed compartment located b/n the ___ layer of ___ (inferior border) & the ___ (superior border)

Answer 5

membranous
superficial fascia
perineal membrane

Question 6

the urogenital triangle:
the superficial perineal pouch:
membranous layer of superficial fascia:

the membranous layer of superficial fascia of the ___ wall (___ fascia) extends into the perineal region & over the ___ & ___

when it enters the perineum, the membranous layer of superficial fascia is called ___ fascia

within the perineum, the membranous layer of superficial fascia is firmly attached to the ___ & ___

Answer 6

abdominal
Scarpa’s
penis
scrotum

colle’s

ischiopubic rami
ischial tuberosities

Question 7

the urogenital triangle:
the superficial perineal pouch:
membranous layer of superficial fascia:

posteriorly, along a line drawn b/n the two ___ (i.e., at the border b/n the urogenital & anal triangles), the membranous layer of superficial fascia fuses to the ___

this is the ___ found in the perineum that’s attached to the ___

this is also known as the ___

Answer 7

ischial tuberosities
pernieal membrane

fibrous membrane
ischiopubic rami

inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm

Question 8

the urogenital triangle:
boundaries of the superficial perineal pouch:

the space b/n the ___ layer of ___ & the ___

it is continuous superiorly onto the ___ wall as the potential space b/n ___ & the ___ covering the abdominal musculature (i.e., external oblique muscle)

Answer 8

membranous
superficial fascia
perineal membrane

anterior abdominal
scarpa’s fascia
deep fascia

Question 9

the urogenital triangle:
boundaries of the superficial perineal pouch:

it extends posteriorly only as far as the boundary b/n the ___ & ___

therefore, it does not extend into the ___

it is limited laterally in the perineum by fusion of the ___ to the ___

it extends as a potential space within the ___ & ___

Answer 9

urogential & anal triangles

anal triangle

perineal fascia
ischiopubic rami

scrotum
penis

Question 10

the urogenital triangle:
boundaries of the superficial perineal pouch:

it extends into the ___ where it fuses w/ the ___ along a line just below & parallel to the ___

posteriorly, the fusion of the ___ layer of ___ & the ___ form the ___

Answer 10

thigh
deep fascia of the thigh (the fascia lata)
inguinal ligament

membranous
superficial fascia
perineal membrane
posterior boundary

Question 11

the urogenital triangle:

contents of the superficial pouch (3)

Answer 11

root (erectile tissue)
muscles
glands

Question 12

the urogenital triangle:
contents of the superficial pouch:
root (2)

Answer 12

bulb

crura

Question 13

the urogenital triangle:
contents of the superficial pouch:
root:
bulb:

bulb of the penis in the male / ___ bulb in the female (comprised of a single body of ___ tissue in the male / divided by the ___ into two bodies in the female)

it is in the ___ & attached to the undersurface of the ___

it encloses the ___

the bulb is continued forward into the body of the penis & forms ___

it is invested by a thin sheath of ___

Answer 13

vestibular
erectile
vagina

midline
urogenital diaphragm

penile (spongy) urethra

corpus spongiosum

bulbospongiosus muscle

Question 14

the urogenital triangle:
contents of the superficial pouch:
root:
crura:

crura of the ___ (male) / ___ (female) comprised of two bodies of erectile tissue

each crus is attached to the ___

the right & left crura join the ___ in the region of the ___

they come to lie side by side forming ___

their distal ends extend to the tip (___) of the penis

the ___ invest the crura of the corpora cavernosa; this thin sheath of skeletal muscles arise from the ___ at the absae of the crura

Answer 14

penis
clitoris

ischiopubic ramus

corpus spongiosum
pubic arch

corpora cavernosa

glans

ischiocavernosus muscles
ischial rami

Question 15

the urogenital triangle:
contents of the superficial pouch:
muscles (3)

Answer 15

bulbospongiosus muscle
ischiocavernosus muscle
superficial transverse perinei muscles

Question 16

the urogenital triangle:
contents of the superficial pouch:
muscles:
bulbospongiosus muscle:

covers the ___

compresses the ___ part of the ___, emptying it of the residual urine or semen

compresses the ___ vein of the penis impending the venous drainage, assisting in the process of the ___ of the penis

Answer 16

bulb of the penis (male) / vestibular bulb (female)

penile
urethra

deep dorsal
erection

Question 17

the urogenital triangle:
contents of the superficial pouch:
muscles:
ischiocavernosus muscles:

cover the ___ of the penis/vestibular bulb

compresses the ___ to assist in the process of hte ___

Answer 17

crura

crura
erection

Question 18

the urogenital triangle:
contents of the superficial pouch:
muscles:
superficial transverse perinei muscles:

they fix the ___ in the center of the prineum

Answer 18

perineal body

Question 19

the urogenital triangle:
contents of the superficial pouch:

glands (1)

in females, secretes a ___

Answer 19

greater vestibular glands

lubricating fluid

Question 20

the urogenital triangle:
the deep perineal pouch:
location:

the deep perineal pouch refers to the space located ___ to the ___

it is the space b/n the ___ & ___ of the ___

Answer 20

superior
perineal membrane

perineal membrane
superior fascia
urogenital diaphragm

Question 21

the urogenital triangle:
the deep perineal pouch:
location:

laterally, both the perineal membrane & superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm are firmly fused to the ___ & ___, thus forming a lateral boundary of the deep perineal pouch

posteriorly, both the superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm & the perineal membrane are fused along a line drawn b/n the two ___ (i.e., at the border b/n the ___ & ___), thus forming the posterior boundary of the deep perineal pouch

Answer 21

ischiopubic rami
ischial tuberosities

iscial tuberosities
urogenital & anal triangles

Question 22

the urogenital triangle:

contents of the deep perineal space (pouch) in the male (5)

Answer 22

sphincter urethrae muscle
deep transverse perineal muscles
internal pudendal artery & vein
branches of the perineal nerve
bulbourethral glands in male

Question 23

the urogenital triangle:
contents of the deep perineal space (pouch) in the male:
sphincter urethrae muscle:

it arises from the ___ on both sides & passes medially to encircle the ___

it is supplied by the ___ branch of the ___ nerve

it compresses the ___ part of the ___ & relaxes during voluntary control of ___

Answer 23

pubic arch
urethra

perineal
pudendal

membranous
urethra
micturition

Question 24

the urogenital triangle:
contents of the deep perineal space (pouch) in the male:
deep transverse perineal muscles:

located posterior to the ___ muscle

each muscle arises from the ___ & passes medially to be inserted in the ___

Answer 24

sphincter urethrae

ischial ramus
perineal body

Question 25

the urogenital triangle: contents of the deep perineal space (pouch) in the male: bulbourethral glands in male: two small glands that lie beneath the ___ muscles their ducts pierce the ___ & enter the ___ these glands are homologous to the ___ glands in the female

Answer 25

sphincter urethrae perineal membrane penile urethra greater vestibular

Question 26

the urogenital triangle: contents of the deep perineal pouch in the female: the same as those of the male but w/ the following differences: absence of the ___ presence of the ___ the sphincter urethrae are pierced by the ___ & ___

Answer 26

greater vestibular glands vagina urethra vagina

Question 27

the urogenital triangle: | contents of the deep perineal space (pouch) in the male (5)

Answer 27

``` sphincter urethrae muscle deep transverse perineal muscles internal pudendal artery & vein branches of the perineal nerve bulbourethral glands in male ```

Question 28

the urogenital triangle: urogenital diaphragm: a ___ diaphragm filling the gap of the ___ consists of ___ & ___ muscles along w/ the ___ covering them

Answer 28

triangular musculo-fascial pubic arch sphincter urethrae deep transverse perinei fasciae

Question 29

the urogenital triangle: contents of the deep perineal space (pouch) in the male: deep transverse perineal muscles: located posterior to the ___ muscle each muscle arises from the ___ & passes medially to be inserted in the ___

Answer 29

sphincter urethrae ischial ramus perineal body

Question 30

the urogenital triangle: contents of the deep perineal space (pouch) in the male: bulbourethral glands in male: two small glands that lie beneath the ___ muscles their ducts pierce the ___ & enter the ___ these glands are homologous to the ___ glands in the female

Answer 30

sphincter urethrae perineal membrane penile urethra greater vestibular

Question 31

the urogenital triangle: contents of the deep perineal pouch: on the superior surface of the sphincter urethrae & deep transverse perineal muscles, the fascia is called the ___ the ___ is b/n this & the perineal membrane (which is also called the ___)

Answer 31

superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm deep space infeiror fascia of the urogenital diaphragm

Question 32

the urogenital triangle: urogenital diaphragm: a ___ diaphragm filling the gap of the ___

Answer 32

triangular musculo-fascial

Question 33

the anal triangle: | contents of the ischioanal fossa (4)

Answer 33

fat (liquid at body temperature to allow dilation of the anal canal) inferior rectal nerve & vessels internal pudendal vessels & pudendal nerve perineal branches of posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

Question 34

the urogenital triangle: urogenital diaphragm: if a patient suffers a urethral rupture within the superficial perineal pouch, ___ will extravasate (leak) into the ___ when the patient attempts to urinate

Answer 34

urine | superficial perineal pouch

Question 35

the anal triangle: b/c the ischioanal fossae ___, an infection of the ischioanal fossa on one side can ___

Answer 35

communicate | spread to the other ischioanal fossa

Question 36

the anal triangle: the opening of the ___ lies in the middle of the anal triangle the spaces on either side of the above structure are the ___, which is filled w/ fat b/n the ___ & the ___ the left & right above structures ___ w/ one another

Answer 36

anal canal ischioanal (ischiorectal) fossae skin pelvic diaphragm communicate (i.e., make contact)

Question 37

the anal triangle: the boundaries of the ischioanal fossa: anterior: posterior borders of ___ muscles posterior: ___ muscle & ___ ligament lateral: ___ covering ___ muscle superomedial: ___ & ___ inferior: ___ covering ___

Answer 37

transverse perinei gluteus maximus sacrotuberous fascia obturator internus external anal sphincter levator ani skin anal triangle

Question 38

the anal triangle: the ischioanal fossa extends as a potential space b/n the ___ & ___ this is called the ___ of the ___ therefore, infections within the ischioanal fossa may extend anteriorly to the ___

Answer 38

pelvic diaphragm urogenital diaphragm anterior recess ischiorectal fossa pubic bone

Question 39

neurovascular supply of the perineum: course of the internal pudendal vessels & the pudendal nerve from the pelvis to the perineum: the structures exit the pelvis through the ___ the structures wrap around the ___ the structures pass through the ___ to enter the perineum

Answer 39

greater sciatic foramen ischial spine lesser sciatic foramen

Question 40

the anal triangle: perineal body: the perineal body is a thickening of ___ that lies along the midpoint of a line drawn b/n the two ___ the perineal body may be damaged during ___

Answer 40

fascia ischial tuberosities parturition (child-bearing)

Question 41

the anal triangle: | muscles attached to the perineal body (4)

Answer 41

superficial transverse perineal muscles deep transverse perineal muscle bulbospongiosus muscle levator ani

Question 42

neurovascular supply of the perineum: the ___ nerve (ventral rami of levels ___) & the ___ artery (a branch of the ___ artery) supply the perineal structures named branches of the ___ artery & ___ nerve serve specific perineal structures (e.g., the penis, clitoris, distal portion of the rectum, muscles, etc.)

Answer 42

pudendal S2 - S4 internal pudendal internal iliac internal pudendal pudendal

Question 43

neurovascular supply of the perineum: the ___ vein parallels the course of the internal pudendal artery & drains blood from all structures that it supplies except the ___ & ___ venous drainage from the above two structures travel directly to the ___

Answer 43

internal pudendal penis clitoris pelvic venous plexus

Question 44

neurovascular supply of the perineum: course of the internal pudendal vessels & the pudendal nerve from the pelvis to the perineum: the structures exit the pelvis through the ___ the structures wrap around the ___ the structures pass through the ___ to enter the perineum

Answer 44

greater sciatic foramen ischial spine lesser sciatic foramen

Question 45

neurovascular supply of the perineum: course of the internal pudendal vessels & the pudendal nerve from the pelvis to the perineum: after entering the perineum, the structures lie in the ___, which lies against the ___ muscle it is a sleeve of ___ that encloses the internal pudendal vessels & the pudendal nerve the structures leave the ___ & branch out as named vessels & nerves to specific perineal structures (e.g., ___)

Answer 45

pudendal canal obturator internus obturator internus fascia pudendal canal penis, clitoris, distal portion of rectum, muscles, etc.

Question 46

neurovascular supply of the perineum: the pudendal nerve is often anesthetized to relieve ___ during parturition (childbirth) the close relationship of the pudendal nerve to the ___ provides a useful landmark in performing a ___

Answer 46

perineal pain ischial spine pudendal nerve block