Introduction to the Lymphatic System Flashcards
the lymphatic system drains ___ from the body’s ___ & returns it to the ___
excess fluid
tissues
bloodstream
the lymphatic system consists of tissues & organs which provide ___ responses
these tissues & organs include:
- ___ gland
- ___
- aggregates of ___ tissue in the ___ & ___ tracts
- ___
immunological
- thymus
- spleen
- lymphatic, respiratory, digestive
- lymph nodes
the lymphatic system is of vital importance to medical personnel since it may be the channel for the ___ & a conduit for the ___
spread of infection
spread of malignant disease
origin of interstitial fluid & lymph:
at the arterial end of a capillary bed, where the ___ pressure of the blood exceeds its ___ pressure, fluid passes ___ into the tissues
at the venous end of a capillary bed, the ___ pressure of blood exceeds its ___ pressure & the greater part of the fluid ___
the remainder of the fluid, including some high molecular weight proteins, is removed from the ___ spaces by drainage into minute lymphatic vessels called ___
hydrostatic
osmotic
out of vessels
osmotic
hydrostatic
returns to the blood
interstitial
lymphatic capillaries
origin of interstitial fluid & lymph:
the lymphatic capillaries begin blindly in the tissue’s ___
the interstitial fluid drained into lymphatic capillaries is called ___, & the larger lymphatic vessels that conduct lymph away from a tissue are called ___
intercellular spaces
lymph
lymphatics
origin of interstitial fluid & lymph:
the lymph collected from a tissue or organ passes through at least one cluster of ___ before finally being emptied into the ___
lymph nodes
bloodstream
origin of interstitial fluid & lymph:
lymphatics conducting lymph into a cluster of lymph nodes are called ___
lymphatics draining lymph from the lymph nodes are called ___
afferent lymphatics
efferent lymphatics
origin of interstitial fluid & lymph:
the lymph reaches the bloodstream at the junctions of the ___ & ___ by way of the ___ & the ___
internal jugular
subclavian veins
right lymphatic duct
thoracic duct
origin of interstitial fluid & lymph:
in general terms, the right lymphatic duct drains:
- the right side of the ___ & ___
- the right ___
- the right side of the ___, including the right ___
all the rest of the body including both lower limbs is drained by the ___
- head & neck
- upper limb
- thorax, lung
thoracic duct
the thoracic duct:
begins in the ___ as a dilated sac called the ___
it lies behind the right side of the ___ on the bodies of ___ & ___ vertebrae
it ascends through the ___ & passes upward on the right side of the ___ b/n the ___ & the ___
abdomen
cysterna chili
aorta
L1 & L2
aortic hiatus
aorta
aorta
azygous vein
the thoracic duct:
at about the level of ___, it begins crossing toward the ___ & reaches the left border of the ___ at the level of the ___
it runs upward into the root of the ___ & empties into the ___ system at the junction of the ___ & ___
T5
left
esophagus
sternal angle
neck
venous
left subclavian
left internal jugular veins
the right lymphatic duct:
empties into the ___ system at the junction of the ___ & ___
venous
right internal jugular
right subclavian veins
the body wall & limbs:
lymphatic vessels from upper limbs converge on the ___
lymphatic vessels from the lower limbs converge on the ___
axillary nodes
inguinal nodes
the body wall & limbs:
lymphatic vessels from the wall of the thorax & abdomen, for the most part, drain into the ___ & ___
some vessels pierce the body wall to run to deeper nodes, particularly in the ___ wall of the ___
axillary & inguinal nodes
anterior
thorax
the body wall & limbs:
the watershed b/n the axillary & inguinal drainage areas is a line around the ___ at the level of the ___
the main vessels carrying lymph from the axilla are the ___, which pass proximally alongside the subclavian artery & vein
the efferent vessels from the inguinal nodes pass into the abdomen & drain into the ___
trunk
umbilicus
subclavian trunks
external iliac nodes
the inguinal lymph nodes: main groups (2)
superficial inguinal nodes
deep inguinal nodes
superficial inguinal nodes:
lie in the ___ just below the ___
receive lymph from:
- anterior & posterior surfaces of the ___ below the ___
- the ___ including the lower half of the ___, the ___, & all of the external ___ of both sexes (except the ___)
- the ___ vessels of the ___ limb
superficial fascia
inguinal ligament
- trunk, umbilicus
- perineum, anal canal, vagina, genitalia, testes
- superficial lymph, lower
deep inguinal nodes:
lie along the ___ side of the ___ vein deep to the ___
receive all of the lymph from the ___ & from the ___ structures of the ___ limb
the efferent vessels from these nodes ascend through the ___ & drain into the ___
medial
femoral
fascia lata
superficial
deep
lower
femoral canal
external iliac nodes
the head & neck:
the final nodes draining the head & neck lie alongside the ___ & are known as the ___
the main vessels draining from these nodes on each side is the ___
like the axillary & inguinal nodes, the ___ drain skin & superficial fascia & also deeper structures
carotid sheath
deep cervical nodes
jugular trunk
deep cervical nodes
the deep thorax:
lymph from the lungs & pleura, the bronchi, the trachea, & the heart converge on the ___ lymph nodes
the efferents from these nodes unite w/ each other to from the ___
bronchomediastinal
bronchomediastinal trunks
the deep thorax:
the left jugular, subclavian, & bronchomediastinal trunks empty into the ___
the right jugular, subclavian, & bronchomediastinal trunks join the ___
individual trunks on either side may drain directly into the ___ system at the junction of the ___ & ___
thoracic duct
right lymphatic duct
venous
internal jugular
subclavian veins
the abdomen:
the major lymph node groups in the abdomen are arranged along the ___
these groups include the ___ nodes & the ___nodes
blood vessels
pre-aortic
para-aortic (lumbar)
the abdomen:
the pre-aortic nodes:
lie along the ___ of the ___ & are divided into three groups:
- ___ nodes drain the ___
- ___ nodes drain the ___
- ___ nodes drain the ___
efferents from these nodes form the ___, which contributes to the formation of the ___
front, aorta
- celiac, foregut
- superoir mesenteric, midgut
- inferior mesenteric, hindgut
intestinal trunk
cysterna chili
the abdomen:
the para-aortic (lumbar) nodes:
lie along the ___ borders of the ___
drain the ___, ___, & ___
lateral
aorta
kidneys
suprarenal glands
gonads
the abdomen:
the para-aortic (lumbar) nodes:
receive efferents from the ___
the upper nodes in this group give rise to the ___ which contribute to the formation of the ___
common iliac nodes
lumbar trunks
cysterna chili
the pelvis:
nodes (3)
internal iliac
external iliac
common iliac
the pelvis:
internal iliac nodes:
drain the organs of the ___ supplied by the ___ arteries
exceptions: the ___, ___, & ___ & ___ of the ___ drain directly into the para-aortic (lumbar) nodes
pelvis
internal iliac
gonads
uterine tube
fundus & upper body of the uterus
the pelvis:
external iliac nodes:
receives the efferents form the ___ & drain into the ___
inguinal nodes
common iliac nodes
the pelvis:
common iliac nodes:
drain into the ___
para-aortic (lumbar) nodes
the axillary nodes:
lymph nodes of the axilla receive & filter the lymph from the ___ & from the anterior & posterior aspects of the ___ as far distal as the ___ & the ___
they may number fewer than ___ or up to about ___ nodes
the nodes are usually subdivided by both the ___ they drain & their ___
upper limb
trunk
umbilicus
iliac crest
a dozen
three dozen
territories
location
the axillary nodes:
groups of axillary lymph nodes (5)
brachial (lateral) group subscapular (posterior) group pectoral (anterior) group central group apical (subclavian) group
brachial (lateral) group of axillary lymph nodes:
lie along the ___ side of the ___
receive most of the lymph from the ___
medial
axillary vein
upper limb
subscapular (posterior) group of axillary lymph nodes:
lie in front of the ___
receive lymph from the ___ & the ___
subscapularis muscle
scapular region
back
pectoral (anterior) group of axillary lymph nodes:
lie along the ___ border of the ___ behind the ___
receive lymph from the ___ & ___
lower
pectoralis minor muscle
pectoralis major
thoracic wall
anterior abdominal wall
central group of axillary lymph nodes:
lie in the ___ of the axilla in the ___
receive lymph from three groups of axillary lymph nodes: ___, ___, & ___
center
axillary fat
brachial (lateral)
subscapular (posterior)
pectoral (anterior)
apical (subclavian) group of axillary lymph nodes:
lie in the ___ of the axilla at the ___ border of the ___ rib
receive efferent vessels from ___
efferents from the apical group from the ___
center
lateral
first
all of the other axillary nodes
subclavian lymph trunk
drainage of the breast:
about ___% of the lymph in the breast courses laterally & upward to ___, ___, & ___ nodes
most of the remaining lymph passes medially to ___ nodes along the ___ vessels
some lymph drains downward to upper ___ nodes & some goes to the ___
75
axillary (mostly pectoral)
supraclavicular
infraclavicular
parasternal (internal thoracic)
internal thoracic
abdominal
opposite breast
drainage of the uterus:
fundus & body:
few - to ___ nodes
most - unite w/ lymphatics from the ___ & ___ passing to the ___ nodes
superficial inguinal
uterine tube
ovary
lumbar (para-aortic)
drainage of the uterus:
lower body & cervix:
most frequent site of ___
four nodes: ___, ___, ___, & ___
carcinoma
internal
external
common iliac
sacral
drainage of the vagina:
upper three-fourths - ___ nodes
lower one-fourth - ___ nodes
internal iliac
superficial inguinal
testes & ovaries:
to ___ nodes
para-aortic (lumbar)