Test #3 Tumors lecture 2 Flashcards
When cancers/tumors grow and metastasize what do they do to organs?
-Compromise organs
What is Cushings syndrome?
- Hypercortisolism
- ACTH
Paraneoplastic syndrome develop in what percent of malignancies?
10%
Paraneoplastic syndrome can have a variety of expressions due to the type of tissue involved, what are some examples of paraneoplastic syndromes?
- Hyper cortisolism
- Carcinoid syndrome
- Polycythemia
- Many rare syndromes
What is Carcinoid syndrome?
- Flushing
- Diarrhea
- Asthma
What must a tumor do to survive?
- Develop signal to proliferate
- Avoid apoptosis
- Invade
- Metastasize
- Induce angiogenesis
- Mutation of antitumor factors
What are some angiogenic factors released from tumors to survive?
- VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor)
- bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor) - causes a fibrotic structure in the tumor
What is the most common tumor suppressor gene to undergo mutation in a malignancy?
-p53
p53 is lost or mutated in what percent of malignancies?
50%
What does p53 do?
-Sense sick cells or abnormal DNA and induce apoptosis if beyond repair
What is Li-Farumeni syndrome?
- Inherited genetic cancer disorder that greatly increases risk of developing multiple cancers
- related to p53 mutation
What stimulates precancerous colon polyps that mutate into colon cancers?
-adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)
What is used for grading and staging of tumors/cancers?
-TNM
What is the T used for grading and staging?
-Size and extend of the primary tumor
What is the N used for in grading and staging?
-Presence of number of lymph node metastases
What is the M used for in grading and staging?
-Presence of distant metastases
What is Stage I in breast cancer?
-Small primary tumors
What is Stage II in breast cancer?
-Positive node
What is stage III and IV in breast cancers?
-Major threat
What do you use for therapeutic classifications in tumors?
- Presence of hormone receptors
- Her-2/Ne4 (human epidermal growth factor) for breast cancer
What are some biopsy methods to help with assessment of tumors?
- Needle biopsy
- Fine needle aspirates
- these are usually accurate
What clinical lab diagnoses are used to assess tumors?
- PSA (prostate specific antigen)
- Thyroglobulin protein (recurrent thyroid cancer)
- flow cytometry for leukemias and lymphomas
___ is used to grow tumor cells and examine cellular histology and abnormalities
-cytogenetics
When doing radiation therapy what are some guidelines to use?
-Maximize exposure of tumor and minimize exposure of normal tissue
