Introduction to the nervous system

Question 1

What is the control center of the neuron?

Answer 1

-Cell body

Question 2

What is released from the nerve terminals?

Answer 2

-Neurotransmitters

Question 3

What are two types of terminals?

Answer 3

• Excitatory

- Inhibitory

Question 4

What is an excitatory transmitters?

Answer 4

-

Question 5

Is acetylcholine excitatory or inhibitory?

Answer 5

-It is actually both

Question 6

Is glutamate excitatory or inhibitory?

Answer 6

-Excitatory

Question 7

Is Dopamine excitatory or inhibitory?

Answer 7

-Inhibitory

Question 8

Is GABA excitatory or inhibitory?

Answer 8

-Inhibitory

Question 9

Is serotonin excitatory or inhibitory?

Answer 9

-Both

Question 10

What is direct action from a neurotransmitter?

Answer 10

• Neurotransmitter binds to and opens ion channels

- Promotes rapid responses by altering membrane potential

Question 11

Does GABA work through direct or indirect action?

Answer 11

-Direct action

Question 12

What is indirect action of neurotransmitters?

Answer 12

• Neurotransmitter acts through intracellular second messengers, usually G protein pathways
• Broader, longer-lasting effects

Question 13

What is a voltage gated membrane channel?

Answer 13

-opens and closes in response to voltage changes across the membrane

Question 14

What is a ligand gated membrane channel?

Answer 14

-A hormone, drug or transmitter binds to the protein and the channel opens up

Question 15

What type of membrane channels does lidocaine act on?

Answer 15

-Voltage gated by inhibiting Na+ channels

Question 16

What are the two type of receptors found on membrane channels?

Answer 16

• Ionotropic

- Metabotropic

Question 17

What type of action comes from an ionotropic receptor?

Answer 17

-An immediate and brief action

Question 18

What type of receptor is not directly linked to ion channels?

Answer 18

-Metabotropic

Question 19

What are the two types of metabotropic receptors?

Answer 19

• Membrane-delimited (occur entirely in plane of membrane)

- Diffusible second messengers

Question 20

What is an autoreceptor?

Answer 20

-Receptors on an axon terminal through which the neuron’s own neurotransmitter can influence the function of the terminal (usually inhibitory)

Question 21

What is a heteroreceptor?

Answer 21

-Receptors on an axon terminal through which neurotransmitters from other neuronal types can influence the function of the terminal (usually shuts things down)

Question 22

What type of receptor initiates biochemical processes that mediate more long-term effects and modify the responsiveness of the neuron?

Answer 22

-Metabotropic

Question 23

What are three catecholamine neurotransmitters?

Answer 23

• Dopamine
• Norepinephrine
• Epinephrine

Question 24

What disease can be caused from lack of dopamine?

Answer 24

-Parkinsons

Question 25

What amino acid is needed to make dopamine?

Answer 25

-Tyrosine

Question 26

What enzyme converts tyrosine once it enters the nerve?

Answer 26

-Tyrosine hydroxylase

Question 27

What does tyrosine hydroxylase convert tyrosine into?

Answer 27

-DOPA (Dihydroxyphenylalaine)

Question 28

What is DOPA converted to?

Answer 28

-Dopamine (DA)

Question 29

What enzyme converts DOPA to DA?

Answer 29

-AADC (Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase)

Question 30

What transporter puts DA into the vesicle?

Answer 30

-VMAT (Vesicular monoamine transmitter)

Question 31

When Dopamine is released what can it do?

Answer 31

- It can bind to an autoreceptor - Can go to a post-synaptic receptor - Or Dopamine can be taken back up

Question 32

What happens if Dopamine binds to an autroreceptor?

Answer 32

- Decrease the release of dopamine | - Decrease the activity of Tyrosine hydroxylase (inhibit production)

Question 33

How is dopamine taken back up into the nerve terminal?

Answer 33

-Dopamine transporter

Question 34

If dopamine is taken back up via the dopamine transporter what enzyme acts on it to break it down?

Answer 34

-Monoamine oxidase

Question 35

T/F Amphetamine molecules can cross through the dopamine transporter

Answer 35

True

Question 36

What is the first step in making norepinephrine?

Answer 36

-Tyrosine enters the nerve terminal

Question 37

In making norepinephrine what converts tyrosine into DOPA?

Answer 37

-Tyrosine Hydroxylase

Question 38

What converts DOPA to DA?

Answer 38

-AADC

Question 39

What converts DA to norepinephrine?

Answer 39

-DBH (Dopamine Beta Hydroxylase)

Question 40

How does DA enter the vesicle?

Answer 40

-VMAT

Question 41

Where does DA get converted into Norepinephrine?

Answer 41

-Vesicle via DBH

Question 42

When norepinephrine is released where can it go?

Answer 42

- Autoreceptor - Post synaptic receptors - Taken back up into the nerve terminal

Question 43

What is the autoreceptor that norepinephrine goes to?

Answer 43

-Alpha 2

Question 44

How is norepinephrine taken back up into the nerve terminal?

Answer 44

-Norepinephrine transporter

Question 45

What breaks down norepinephrine down to a metabolite when it is taken back up into the nerve terminal?

Answer 45

-Monoamine oxidase

Question 46

How is norepinephrine converted to epinephrine?

Answer 46

-PNMT (Phenylalanine-N-Methyl transferase)

Question 47

What amino acid is used to make serotonin?

Answer 47

-Tryptophan

Question 48

What enzyme converts tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan?

Answer 48

-Tryptophan hydroxylase

Question 49

What enzyme converts 5-hydroxytryptophan to 5HT?

Answer 49

-AADC

Question 50

What takes up 5-HT into a vesicle?

Answer 50

-VMAT

Question 51

What is another name for serotonin?

Answer 51

-5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)

Question 52

What can 5-HT do when it release from the nerve terminal?

Answer 52

- Go to an autoreceptor (5-HT) - Bind to post-synaptic receptors - Go back into the nerve

Question 53

What takes 5-HT back into the nerve terminal?

Answer 53

-SERT

Question 54

What enzyme metabolizes 5-HT when it gets back into the nerve terminal?

Answer 54

-Monoamine oxidase