Drug development lecture 2 FINAL Flashcards
What does DSHEA regulate?
-Herbal dietary supplements
What are herbal dietary supplements defined as?
-Taken by mouth and contains a “dietary” ingredient to supplement diet
What may include dietary supplements?
- Vitamins
- Minerals
- Herbs
- Botanical
Can herbal products be promoted to diagnose, cure, or prevent disease?
-No
What is Thalidomide?
- Anti-nausea/morning sickness medication
- Teratogenic
- Causes Phocomelia
What is Diethylstilbesterol?
- Non-steroidal synthetic estrogen
- Caused cervical cancer in the infant of a women who took this during pregnancy making it teratogenic
What is a category A drug?
-Safe in humans and animals
What are two types of decongestants?
- vasoconstrictors
- Sympathomimetics
What drugs are used for decongestants?
- Oxymetazoline (nasal sprays)
- Pehnylephrine
- Pseudophedrine (restricted sales)
Is systemic or topical decongestants faster?
-Topical
What are the side effects of systemic decongestants?
-Increase Blood Pressure
Is systemic or topical decongestants more likely to cause dependence tolerance?
-Topical because of the rapid relief that can cause rebound congestion
Rhinorrhea correlates with what?
-Runny nose
Do antihistamines do much for colds?
-No they are usually for allergies but you could maybe get a little effect because of the anticholinergic effect
What is the Side effect of Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)?
-Drowsiness
What are three antihistamines used to treat allergies?
- Diphenhydramine
- Chlorpheniramine (chlor-trimeton)
- Loratidine (claritin)
What is a non-productive cough?
- Not moving mucous
- Dry cough
What is a productive cough?
-Moving mucous
What do you use to treat non-productive coughs?
-Antitussives
What are three examples of drugs that have antitussive effects?
- Codeine
- Diphenhydramine
- Dextromethorphan (robotussin DM)
What is the danger of treating productive coughs?
-Can cause pneumonia because you can’t clear out the mucous
What do expectorants do?
-Increase the productive cough
What is an example of expectorant drug?
-Guaifenesin (mucinex)
What are demulcents?
-Cough drops/syrupy products that coat the throat to reduce irritation
What does water/humidification do for a cough?
-Decrease viscosity of respiratory secretions
What is Tamiflu (oseltamivir) and Relenza (Anamivir)?
- Antivirals
- Not OTC
What is abreva (Docosanol) used for?
- Treat cold sores (herpes)
- Antiviral
What are analgesics that are OTC?
- Aspirin
- Acetaminophen
- Ibuprofen
- Naproxen
What is phenol?
-Oral anesthetic
What is Xanthine?
-Adenosine antagonist (stimulant)
What are some examples of Xanthines?
- Caffeine
- Theophilline
- Theobromine (found in chocolate)
What does Xanthine do to the CVS?
-Increased HR
What does Xanthine do to the GI system?
-Stimulates gastric secretion
T/F You get some constriction of cerebral vessels with Xanthine
True
What does Xanthine do to the kidneys?
- Mild Diuretic
- Decrease bloating associated with menstruation
What are three ways to get nicotine to treat tobacco dependence?
- Patches
- Lozenges
- Gum
What are the Side effects of nicotine?
- Dizziness
- Headaches
- Nausea
Are there any OTC sedatives?
-No
What are some OTC sleep-aids (depressants)?
- Diphenhydramine (Sominex) - dramamine; antihistamine
- Doxylamine (Unisom) - antihistamine
What are some OTC antifungals?
-Miconazole (monistat, Lotrimin)
What do you use Miconazole to treat?
- Vaginal infections
- Thrush
What are the OTC antibiotics?
- Polysporin
- Neosporin
What is Neosporin/polysporin used for?
- First aid
- Preventive on minor abrasions
What is Hydrocortisone used for?
- Anti-inflammatory
- Anti-itching
- Dermal lesions
- Eczema
- Insect bites
- Poison ivy
What is Capsaicin used for? what is the mechanism?
- Pain relief
- Topical ointment
- activates TRPV channels to deplete substance P
What is Scopolamine?
- Anticholinergic
- Used to treat motion sickness
What is Dimenhydrinate?
- Anticholinergic
- Used to treat motion sickness
What are the Side effects of Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine)?
- Dry mouth
- Constipation
- Difficutly
- Blurred vision
- Reduced urinating
What is minoxidil used for?
-Hair growth (rogaine)
What are the side effects of Minoxidil?
- Causes rapid heart beats
- Vasodilator
What do you use to treat hemorrhoids?
-Phenyleprhine that causes vasoconstriction
What is Aloe Vera used for?
- Topically used to heal wounds and burns
- can also treat constipation (laxative)
What are the side effects of Aloe Vera?
- strong laxative that can cause diarrhea and cramps if taken orally
- Can lower blood sugar if taken orally
What is Cranberry used for?
-Used to prevent UTIs
What is Echinacea used for?
- Treat colds
- this is controversial
What is St. Johns Wort used for?
-To treat depression
What is Ephedra? what is it used for?
- Sympathomimetic that contains ephedrine
- Used for anorexia and stimulant effects, and as a decongestant
What does Garlic do?
- Slowly lowers cholesterol (minor effect)
- Some thinning of blood
What is Ginko used for?
- Promoted to improve memory
- Can increase bleeding risk
what is Ginseng used for?
- boost immune system
- may lower blood sugar
the FDA required the removal of ___ from most OTC products, although it is still occasionally seen in herbal preparations or antihistamine (behind the counter) medications
-ephedra
once an herbal product is marketed, what is the FDA responsible for?
-assuring that the dietary supplement is safe
what is the mechanism for congestion?
- inflammation causes vasodilation
- fluid leaks through small vessel walls
- tissue swells causing blockage of air passages
- use vasoconstrictors and sympathomimetics to treat
are systemic decongestants long or short acting?
-longer acting, but less effective than topical
are topical decongestants long or short acting?
-shorter acting, but more effective than systemic decongestants
decongestants should be avoided in people with ___ problems
CVS
what is the theory behind rhinorrhea (runny nose)?
-it is a protective function
what is the issue with using drying agents to treat rhinorrhea?
- they are used for convenience
- may prolong infection by diminishing cleansing action of secretions
does loratidine (claritine) cause more or less drowsiness than diphenhydramine?
less
what is the intended mechanism of guaifenesin (mucinex) as an expectorant?
- intended to reduce viscosity to promote more a more productive cough
- effectiveness is questionable
what makes antivirals more effective for colds and how?
- more helpful if taken early in infection
- shortens infection by 1-2 days
what is zinc designed to treat? is it effective? what are the side effects?
- killing cold viruses, but is of little benefit
- can cause dry mouth and altered smell
what is phenol (chloraseptic) used for, and who is it contraindicated in?
- oral anesthetic/analgesic with topical anesthetic action
- contraindicated if allergic to anesthetics
what is vivarin?
-xanthine stimulant that diminishes fatigue and sleepiness
what is pamabrom (8-bromotheophylline)?
-xanthine product used to treat bloating related menstruation
