- Anti-nausea/morning sickness medication - Teratogenic - Causes Phocomelia

Drug development lecture 2 FINAL Flashcards by Cutler Frandsen

What does DSHEA regulate?

-Herbal dietary supplements

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What are herbal dietary supplements defined as?

-Taken by mouth and contains a “dietary” ingredient to supplement diet

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What may include dietary supplements?

Vitamins
Minerals
Herbs
Botanical

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Can herbal products be promoted to diagnose, cure, or prevent disease?

-No

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What is Thalidomide?

Anti-nausea/morning sickness medication
Teratogenic
Causes Phocomelia

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What is Diethylstilbesterol?

Non-steroidal synthetic estrogen

- Caused cervical cancer in the infant of a women who took this during pregnancy making it teratogenic

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What is a category A drug?

-Safe in humans and animals

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What are two types of decongestants?

vasoconstrictors

- Sympathomimetics

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What drugs are used for decongestants?

Oxymetazoline (nasal sprays)
Pehnylephrine
Pseudophedrine (restricted sales)

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Is systemic or topical decongestants faster?

-Topical

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What are the side effects of systemic decongestants?

-Increase Blood Pressure

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Is systemic or topical decongestants more likely to cause dependence tolerance?

-Topical because of the rapid relief that can cause rebound congestion

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Rhinorrhea correlates with what?

-Runny nose

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Do antihistamines do much for colds?

-No they are usually for allergies but you could maybe get a little effect because of the anticholinergic effect

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What is the Side effect of Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)?

-Drowsiness

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What are three antihistamines used to treat allergies?

Diphenhydramine
Chlorpheniramine (chlor-trimeton)
Loratidine (claritin)

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What is a non-productive cough?

Not moving mucous

- Dry cough

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What is a productive cough?

-Moving mucous

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What do you use to treat non-productive coughs?

-Antitussives

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What are three examples of drugs that have antitussive effects?

Codeine
Diphenhydramine
Dextromethorphan (robotussin DM)

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What is the danger of treating productive coughs?

-Can cause pneumonia because you can’t clear out the mucous

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What do expectorants do?

-Increase the productive cough

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What is an example of expectorant drug?

-Guaifenesin (mucinex)

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What are demulcents?

-Cough drops/syrupy products that coat the throat to reduce irritation

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What does water/humidification do for a cough?

-Decrease viscosity of respiratory secretions

What is Tamiflu (oseltamivir) and Relenza (Anamivir)?

- Antivirals | - Not OTC

What is abreva (Docosanol) used for?

- Treat cold sores (herpes) | - Antiviral

What are analgesics that are OTC?

- Aspirin - Acetaminophen - Ibuprofen - Naproxen

What is phenol?

-Oral anesthetic

What is Xanthine?

-Adenosine antagonist (stimulant)

What are some examples of Xanthines?

- Caffeine - Theophilline - Theobromine (found in chocolate)

What does Xanthine do to the CVS?

-Increased HR

What does Xanthine do to the GI system?

-Stimulates gastric secretion

T/F You get some constriction of cerebral vessels with Xanthine

True

What does Xanthine do to the kidneys?

- Mild Diuretic | - Decrease bloating associated with menstruation

What are three ways to get nicotine to treat tobacco dependence?

- Patches - Lozenges - Gum

What are the Side effects of nicotine?

- Dizziness - Headaches - Nausea

Are there any OTC sedatives?

-No

What are some OTC sleep-aids (depressants)?

- Diphenhydramine (Sominex) - dramamine; antihistamine | - Doxylamine (Unisom) - antihistamine

What are some OTC antifungals?

-Miconazole (monistat, Lotrimin)

What do you use Miconazole to treat?

- Vaginal infections | - Thrush

What are the OTC antibiotics?

- Polysporin | - Neosporin

What is Neosporin/polysporin used for?

- First aid | - Preventive on minor abrasions

What is Hydrocortisone used for?

- Anti-inflammatory - Anti-itching - Dermal lesions - Eczema - Insect bites - Poison ivy

What is Capsaicin used for? what is the mechanism?

- Pain relief - Topical ointment - activates TRPV channels to deplete substance P

What is Scopolamine?

- Anticholinergic | - Used to treat motion sickness

What is Dimenhydrinate?

- Anticholinergic | - Used to treat motion sickness

What are the Side effects of Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine)?

- Dry mouth - Constipation - Difficutly - Blurred vision - Reduced urinating

What is minoxidil used for?

-Hair growth (rogaine)

What are the side effects of Minoxidil?

- Causes rapid heart beats | - Vasodilator

What do you use to treat hemorrhoids?

-Phenyleprhine that causes vasoconstriction

What is Aloe Vera used for?

- Topically used to heal wounds and burns | - can also treat constipation (laxative)

What are the side effects of Aloe Vera?

- strong laxative that can cause diarrhea and cramps if taken orally - Can lower blood sugar if taken orally

What is Cranberry used for?

-Used to prevent UTIs

What is Echinacea used for?

- Treat colds | - this is controversial

What is St. Johns Wort used for?

-To treat depression

What is Ephedra? what is it used for?

- Sympathomimetic that contains ephedrine | - Used for anorexia and stimulant effects, and as a decongestant

What does Garlic do?

- Slowly lowers cholesterol (minor effect) | - Some thinning of blood

What is Ginko used for?

- Promoted to improve memory | - Can increase bleeding risk

what is Ginseng used for?

- boost immune system | - may lower blood sugar

the FDA required the removal of ___ from most OTC products, although it is still occasionally seen in herbal preparations or antihistamine (behind the counter) medications

-ephedra

once an herbal product is marketed, what is the FDA responsible for?

-assuring that the dietary supplement is safe

what is the mechanism for congestion?

- inflammation causes vasodilation - fluid leaks through small vessel walls - tissue swells causing blockage of air passages - use vasoconstrictors and sympathomimetics to treat

are systemic decongestants long or short acting?

-longer acting, but less effective than topical

are topical decongestants long or short acting?

-shorter acting, but more effective than systemic decongestants

decongestants should be avoided in people with ___ problems

CVS

what is the theory behind rhinorrhea (runny nose)?

-it is a protective function

what is the issue with using drying agents to treat rhinorrhea?

- they are used for convenience | - may prolong infection by diminishing cleansing action of secretions

does loratidine (claritine) cause more or less drowsiness than diphenhydramine?

less

what is the intended mechanism of guaifenesin (mucinex) as an expectorant?

- intended to reduce viscosity to promote more a more productive cough - effectiveness is questionable

what makes antivirals more effective for colds and how?

- more helpful if taken early in infection | - shortens infection by 1-2 days

what is zinc designed to treat? is it effective? what are the side effects?

- killing cold viruses, but is of little benefit | - can cause dry mouth and altered smell

what is phenol (chloraseptic) used for, and who is it contraindicated in?

- oral anesthetic/analgesic with topical anesthetic action | - contraindicated if allergic to anesthetics

what is vivarin?

-xanthine stimulant that diminishes fatigue and sleepiness

what is pamabrom (8-bromotheophylline)?

-xanthine product used to treat bloating related menstruation