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Human disease and therapeutics 2020 > Heart disease TEST 2 > Flashcards

Heart disease TEST 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How long does stable angina last?

A

2-5

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2
Q

What relieves stable angina?

A

-Rest or vasodilators such as nitroglycerine

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3
Q

What type of angina is associated with exertion?

A

-Stable agina

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4
Q

What type of angina classically occurs at rest?

A

-Variant or Prinzmetal’s angina

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5
Q

What does unstable angina occur from?

A

-Acute plaque change

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6
Q

What coronary artery is most likely to cause an infarct?

A

-LAD

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7
Q

What does an MI look like at 18-24 hrs?

A

-Pallor

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8
Q

What does an MI look like at 24-72 hrs?

A

-Pallor and hyperemia

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9
Q

What does and MI look like at 3-7 days?

A

-Hyperemic border with central yellowing

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10
Q

What does an MI look like at 10-21 days?

A

-Maximally yellow with soft vascular margins

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11
Q

What does an MI look like at 7 weeks and beyond?

A

-White fibrosis

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12
Q

What is a full thickness infarct known as?

A

-Transmural infarct (Endocardium to epicardium)

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13
Q

Where do most MIs occur in the heart?

A

-Left Ventricle

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14
Q

What can cause a subendocardial infarct?

A
  • Hypotension

- Global ischemia

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15
Q

What is a subendocardial infarct?

A

-Multifocal or diffuse areas of necrosis confined to the inner 1/3-1/2 of LV wall

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16
Q

What type of infarct correlates with STEMI (ST segment elevation myocardial infarct)?

A

-Transmural infarct

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17
Q

What type of infarct Correlates with NSTEMI?

A

-Subendocardial infarct

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18
Q

What type of infarct is less severe?

A

-Subendocardial infarct

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19
Q

What are MI complications?

A
  • Arrhythmia
  • Congestive heart failure/pulmonary edema
  • Cardiogenic shock
  • Pericarditis
  • Mural thrombosis
  • Rupture of ventricle or papillary muscle
  • Extension of infarct
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20
Q

What is Stenosis in valvular heart disease?

A
  • Failure to open

- Prevents forward flow

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21
Q

What is Regurgitation in valvular heart disease?

A
  • Failure to close

- Allows reverse flow

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22
Q

What can cause Aortic Stenosis?

A
  • Post inflammatory scarring from Rheumatic heart disease
  • Senile calcific aortic stenosis
  • Calcification of bicuspid valve
23
Q

What is the most common form of aortic valve stenosis?

A

-Senile calcified aortic stenosis

24
Q

What morphology do you see in a mitral valve prolapse?

A
  • Excessively large leaflets
  • Long chordae tendineae
  • Myxomatous change within valve leaflets
25
What is the most common valvular heart disease?
-Aortic stenosis
26
What is the second most common valvular heart disease?
-Mitral valve prolapse
27
What are the main sites of involvement for infective endocarditis?
- Mitral valve - Aortic valve - Tricuspid valve - Valve prosthesis
28
What is infective endocarditis?
-Friable vegetations containing RBCs, fibrin, and inflammatory cells and organisms
29
What are the causative agents of Infective endocarditis?
- Staph aureus | - Strep
30
What are common symptoms of IE?
- Fever | - Heart murmur
31
What are endocarditis complications?
- Libman Sacks - Infective form - Rheumatic form
32
What are the symptoms of arrhythmias?
- Palpitations (abnormal or irregular heartbeat) | - Syncope
33
What causes the palpitations in arrhytmias?
- Premature atrial or ventricular contactions | - Tachyarrhythmia (less common but more serious)
34
What are the usual causes of Sudden cardiac death?
-Arrhythmias
35
What are most of the arrhythmias that cause Sudden cardiac death from?
-Coronary atherosclerosis
36
Where can disturbances in impulse propagation occur?
- SA node - AV node or His-Purkinje system - Branches of the His bundle - Atrial or ventricular myocardium
37
What causes bradycardia?
-Abnormal impulse propagation is also known as conduction block
38
What are causes of conduction disturbances?
- Ischemic heart disease and cardiomyopathy scarring - Degenerative changes in the conduction system - Anti-arrhythmic drugs - Hyperkalemia - Myocardial infection (Lyme disease) - Infiltration (amyloid or a tumor) - Trauma - Congenital abnormality
39
What is a first degree heart block?
- Slow but reliable impulse propagation to ventricles - Generally no symptomatic - No treatment needed
40
What is a second degree heart block?
- Impulse propagation to ventricles sometimes fails - Irregular ventricular contraction - Sometimes causes syncope - Pacemaker sometimes needed
41
What is a complete or third degree AV block?
- No conduction of any atrial electrical impulses to the ventricles - Ventricles resort to latent pacemakers
42
When is bradycardia normal?
-During rest and sleep
43
What does an increased rate of depolarization at any site to a rate faster than the SA node result in?
-Premature depolarization
44
What is an ectopic beat?
-A beat that originates from a site other than the SA node
45
Where can ectopic beats originate from?
- The atria - Specialized conduction system - The ventricles
46
What can cause tachycardia?
- An ectopic focus that is firing rapidly - Multiple ectopic foci causing a fast rhythm - Re-entrant circuits
47
What is a Re-entrant arrhythmia?
-It occurs when the wave form does not extinguish as it continues to find excitable tissue
48
What is the most common sustained arrhythmia in adult clinical cardiology?
-Atrial fibrillation
49
What does Afib co-exist with?
- Congestive heart failure - Valvular heart disease - Hypertension
50
What does Afib give you a high risk for?
- Thrombosis | - Embolization
51
What accounts for the majority of cardiovascular related deaths in the US?
-Sudden Cardiac Arrest/Death
52
What does SCD occur?
-When there is abrupt cessation of ventricular function due to rapid ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation
53
When does brain damage and death occur when someones has sudden cardiac arrest?
-4-6 minutes
54
T/F Cardiac arrest is reversible in most individuals if it is treated within minutes with CPR and electric shock
True

Human disease and therapeutics 2020 (60 decks)

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