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Human disease and therapeutics 2020 > Heart disease TEST 2 > Flashcards

Heart disease TEST 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How long does stable angina last?

A

2-5

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2
Q

What relieves stable angina?

A

-Rest or vasodilators such as nitroglycerine

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3
Q

What type of angina is associated with exertion?

A

-Stable agina

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4
Q

What type of angina classically occurs at rest?

A

-Variant or Prinzmetal’s angina

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5
Q

What does unstable angina occur from?

A

-Acute plaque change

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6
Q

What coronary artery is most likely to cause an infarct?

A

-LAD

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7
Q

What does an MI look like at 18-24 hrs?

A

-Pallor

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8
Q

What does an MI look like at 24-72 hrs?

A

-Pallor and hyperemia

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9
Q

What does and MI look like at 3-7 days?

A

-Hyperemic border with central yellowing

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10
Q

What does an MI look like at 10-21 days?

A

-Maximally yellow with soft vascular margins

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11
Q

What does an MI look like at 7 weeks and beyond?

A

-White fibrosis

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12
Q

What is a full thickness infarct known as?

A

-Transmural infarct (Endocardium to epicardium)

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13
Q

Where do most MIs occur in the heart?

A

-Left Ventricle

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14
Q

What can cause a subendocardial infarct?

A
  • Hypotension

- Global ischemia

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15
Q

What is a subendocardial infarct?

A

-Multifocal or diffuse areas of necrosis confined to the inner 1/3-1/2 of LV wall

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16
Q

What type of infarct correlates with STEMI (ST segment elevation myocardial infarct)?

A

-Transmural infarct

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17
Q

What type of infarct Correlates with NSTEMI?

A

-Subendocardial infarct

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18
Q

What type of infarct is less severe?

A

-Subendocardial infarct

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19
Q

What are MI complications?

A
  • Arrhythmia
  • Congestive heart failure/pulmonary edema
  • Cardiogenic shock
  • Pericarditis
  • Mural thrombosis
  • Rupture of ventricle or papillary muscle
  • Extension of infarct
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20
Q

What is Stenosis in valvular heart disease?

A
  • Failure to open

- Prevents forward flow

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21
Q

What is Regurgitation in valvular heart disease?

A
  • Failure to close

- Allows reverse flow

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22
Q

What can cause Aortic Stenosis?

A
  • Post inflammatory scarring from Rheumatic heart disease
  • Senile calcific aortic stenosis
  • Calcification of bicuspid valve
23
Q

What is the most common form of aortic valve stenosis?

A

-Senile calcified aortic stenosis

24
Q

What morphology do you see in a mitral valve prolapse?

A
  • Excessively large leaflets
  • Long chordae tendineae
  • Myxomatous change within valve leaflets
25
Q

What is the most common valvular heart disease?

A

-Aortic stenosis

26
Q

What is the second most common valvular heart disease?

A

-Mitral valve prolapse

27
Q

What are the main sites of involvement for infective endocarditis?

A
  • Mitral valve
  • Aortic valve
  • Tricuspid valve
  • Valve prosthesis
28
Q

What is infective endocarditis?

A

-Friable vegetations containing RBCs, fibrin, and inflammatory cells and organisms

29
Q

What are the causative agents of Infective endocarditis?

A
  • Staph aureus

- Strep

30
Q

What are common symptoms of IE?

A
  • Fever

- Heart murmur

31
Q

What are endocarditis complications?

A
  • Libman Sacks
  • Infective form
  • Rheumatic form
32
Q

What are the symptoms of arrhythmias?

A
  • Palpitations (abnormal or irregular heartbeat)

- Syncope

33
Q

What causes the palpitations in arrhytmias?

A
  • Premature atrial or ventricular contactions

- Tachyarrhythmia (less common but more serious)

34
Q

What are the usual causes of Sudden cardiac death?

A

-Arrhythmias

35
Q

What are most of the arrhythmias that cause Sudden cardiac death from?

A

-Coronary atherosclerosis

36
Q

Where can disturbances in impulse propagation occur?

A
  • SA node
  • AV node or His-Purkinje system
  • Branches of the His bundle
  • Atrial or ventricular myocardium
37
Q

What causes bradycardia?

A

-Abnormal impulse propagation is also known as conduction block

38
Q

What are causes of conduction disturbances?

A
  • Ischemic heart disease and cardiomyopathy scarring
  • Degenerative changes in the conduction system
  • Anti-arrhythmic drugs
  • Hyperkalemia
  • Myocardial infection (Lyme disease)
  • Infiltration (amyloid or a tumor)
  • Trauma
  • Congenital abnormality
39
Q

What is a first degree heart block?

A
  • Slow but reliable impulse propagation to ventricles
  • Generally no symptomatic
  • No treatment needed
40
Q

What is a second degree heart block?

A
  • Impulse propagation to ventricles sometimes fails
  • Irregular ventricular contraction
  • Sometimes causes syncope
  • Pacemaker sometimes needed
41
Q

What is a complete or third degree AV block?

A
  • No conduction of any atrial electrical impulses to the ventricles
  • Ventricles resort to latent pacemakers
42
Q

When is bradycardia normal?

A

-During rest and sleep

43
Q

What does an increased rate of depolarization at any site to a rate faster than the SA node result in?

A

-Premature depolarization

44
Q

What is an ectopic beat?

A

-A beat that originates from a site other than the SA node

45
Q

Where can ectopic beats originate from?

A
  • The atria
  • Specialized conduction system
  • The ventricles
46
Q

What can cause tachycardia?

A
  • An ectopic focus that is firing rapidly
  • Multiple ectopic foci causing a fast rhythm
  • Re-entrant circuits
47
Q

What is a Re-entrant arrhythmia?

A

-It occurs when the wave form does not extinguish as it continues to find excitable tissue

48
Q

What is the most common sustained arrhythmia in adult clinical cardiology?

A

-Atrial fibrillation

49
Q

What does Afib co-exist with?

A
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Valvular heart disease
  • Hypertension
50
Q

What does Afib give you a high risk for?

A
  • Thrombosis

- Embolization

51
Q

What accounts for the majority of cardiovascular related deaths in the US?

A

-Sudden Cardiac Arrest/Death

52
Q

What does SCD occur?

A

-When there is abrupt cessation of ventricular function due to rapid ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation

53
Q

When does brain damage and death occur when someones has sudden cardiac arrest?

A

-4-6 minutes

54
Q

T/F Cardiac arrest is reversible in most individuals if it is treated within minutes with CPR and electric shock

A

True

Human disease and therapeutics 2020 (60 decks)

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