Diabetes Flashcards
What is the definition of diabetes?
-Relative or absolute deficiency of insulin, causing glucose intolerance
What percent of the US population has diabetes?
8-9%
How many people die a year in the US from diabetes?
73,000
What percent of people are undiagnosed?
50%
What percent of population is in pre-diabetic state?
-14%
What is the fasting blood sugar of a diabetic?
Greater than 125 mg/dL
What is that fasting glucose in prediabetes?
Between 100-125
If you do a 75 gm glucose tolerance test what is the glucose level in a diabetic after 2 hrs?
Greater than 200 mb/dL
What is the HbA1c in a diabetic?
Greater than 6.5%
What cells does insulin affect glucose uptake in?
- Muscle cells
- Fibroblasts
- Fat Cells
What cells does insulin not affect glucose uptake in?
- Neurons
- Kidney
- Red blood cells
what are symptoms of Type I diabetes?
- Polydipsia
- Polyphagia
- Polyuria
- Unexplained weight loss
What is secreted from beta cells in islets of langerhans in response to glucose?
- Insulin
- C peptide
In a diabetic you have increased lipolysis that results in what?
- Blood ketosis
- Elevated triglycerides
What metabolic pathways increase in diabetics?
- Glycogenolysis
- Gluconeogenesis
T/F Diabetics have an anabolic effect
True
What are the features of Type I diabetics?
- Young onset
- Loss of islet beta cells
- Thin
Do type I diabetics have natural insulin?
-No
What do glucose levels often get up to before a type I diabetic is diagnosed?
-Greater than 500 mg/dl
What does type II Diabetes correlate with?
- Excessive visceral fat
- Hypertension and risk for atherosclerosis dyslipidemia
What type of diabetic has minimal ketones or acidosis but has very high glucose?
-Type II
What are some ethnic groups that have higher risk for Type II diabetes?
- Pima indians
- Hispanics
- African Americans
What can damage the pancreatic islet cells that can cause type II diabetes?
-Amyloidosis
When some has ketoacidosis what do you see?
- Dehydration
- Deep labored breathing
What is Metabolic syndrome?
Group of risk factors that can increase your chance of developing heart disease, diabetes, and stroke
Diabetes insipidus includes increased urine production but it is not related to what?
-Glucose metabolism
What does diabetes insipius often relate to?
-ADH abnormality
What are some risk factors that are included in metabolic syndrome?
- Type II diabetes
- Abnormal lipid metabolism (high TGCs and LDL low HDL
- Excess fat around waste
- Hypertension
T/F Metabolic syndrome people have a pro-thrombic tendency
True
T/F Metabolic syndrome people have a pro-inflammatory state
True
What is the pathogenesis of Metabolic syndrome?
- Increased visceral adiposity
- Impaired glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity
- Increased hepatic inflammation and cirrhosis
What are the major metabolic complications with metabolic syndrome or Type II Diabetes?
- Very high glucose
- Hyperosmolar coma
- Brain swelling due to increased osmolarity
What are the oral problems associated with Diabetics?
- Increased gingivitis and periodontitis
- Poor wound healing
- Abnormal infections
- Xerostomia
- Avoid hypoglycemia
What causes Gestational diabetes?
-Due to stress of pregnancy
What can develop after gestational diabetes?
-Type II
What can happen in babies if the mother with gestational diabetes is not well controlled?
- Early hypoglycemia
- Fetal malformations (Insulin is a growth factor)
What is the most common cause of death in diabetics?
-Coronary artherosclerosis with MI
Autonomic nerve dysfunction is a long term complication of diabetes, what do you see with this?
- Abnormal GI motility
- Hypotonic bladder
- Increased UTI
