Introduction to the nervous system lecture 2 Flashcards
What classification is a serotonin?
-Indoleamine
What is the precursor to make acetylcholine that enters the nerve?
-Choline
What combines with choline to make acetylcholine?
-Acetyl CoA
What enzyme combines choline with acetyl CoA?
-Choline acetyl transferase
What puts acetylcholine into a vesicle?
-Vesicular Ach transporter
What enzyme metabolizes Ach once it is released back to choline?
-Acetylcholinesterase (this is done very quickly)
Is there an Ach plasma membrane transporter?
-No
Does Ach have an autoreceptor?
-Yes
What can Ach do once it is released?
- Go to an autoreceptor
- Get metabolized back into Choline
- Goes to post synaptic receptors
What are the two types of post synaptic receptors?
- Nicotinic
- Muscarinic
What type of receptor is the autoreceptor?
-Muscarinic
Between GABA and glutamate which one is inhibitory?
-GABA
Between GABA and glutamate which one is excitatory?
-Glutamate
What is the precursor to make glutamate?
-Alpha ketoglutarate
What enzyme changes alpha ketoglutarate to glutamate?
-aminotransferase
When glutamate gets released where can it go?
- Taken up by astrocytes
- Post synaptic receptors
- Autoreceptors
- Taken back up into the nerve terminal
What enzyme converts glutamate to glutamine?
-Glutamine synthetase
What enzyme converts glutamine back to glutamate in the nerve terminal?
-Glutaminase
Where can glutamate get converted into glutamine?
-Astrocytes
What are the post synaptic receptors for glutamine?
- AMPA/kainate
- NMDA
- HCN
What is the type of autoreceptor for glutamate?
-Metabotropic glutamate
What can take glutamate back into the nerve terminal?
-Glutamate transporter
What converts glutamate to GABA?
-GAD (Glutamate decarboxylase)
What can GABA do when it is released?
- Go to post synaptic receptors
- Get taken up by astrocytes
- Go to the autoreceptor
- Taken back up into the nerve terminal
When GABA is in the astrocyte what converts it to succinate?
-GABA transaminase
What is GABA converted into in the astrocyte?
-Succinate
What are the two types of post synaptic receptors for GABA?
- GABA A
- GABA B
What is an H3 receptor thought to function as?
-Inhibitory heteroreceptor
What can the activation of the brain H3 receptors do?
-Decrease the release of acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin and certain peptides
What do endorphins bind to?
-Mu receptors
What happens when endorphins bind to mu receptors?
- Causes a decrease in GABA release
- Increases dopamine release
Neurotensin is a neuropeptide that regulates what?
-Dopamine systems (inhibitory feedback)
What does nitric oxide to do smooth muscle?
-Relaxes
