Lung pathology

Question 1

What is Atelectasis (Collapse)?

Answer 1

-Inadequate expansion of airspaces

Question 2

What can cause atelectasis?

Answer 2

• Aspiration
• Pneumothorax
• Pleural fibrosis

Question 3

What can atelectasis give rise to?

Answer 3

-Hypoxia

Question 4

What is acute respiratory distress syndrome?

Answer 4

-Progression of acute injury and damage from activated neutrophils

Question 5

What is the main cause of COPD?

Answer 5

-Cigarette Smoke

Question 6

Besides cigarette smoke what else can cause COPD?

Answer 6

• Emphysema
• Asthma
• Bronchietasis

Question 7

What is Emphysema?

Answer 7

-Destruction of elastic fibers alveolar walls leading to permanent enlargement of airspaces

Question 8

What is the clinical appearance of someone with emphysema?

Answer 8

• Hyperinflation with barrel chest
• Long expiratory phase with pursing of lips
• Dyspnea with cough and wheezing

Question 9

What causes Emphysema?

Answer 9

• Smoking (inhibits alpha 1 antitrypsin)
• Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
• Air pollution

Question 10

What is Chronic bronchitis?

Answer 10

-Persistent productive cough lasting longer than 3 months in 2 consecutive years

Question 11

What causes chronic bronchitis?

Answer 11

• Smoking
• Air pollution
• Mucus hypersecretion associated with productive coughing
• Increased Reid index

Question 12

What is bronchiectasis?

Answer 12

-Obstruction of bronchi and persistent necrotizing infections

Question 13

What does bronchiectasis cause?

Answer 13

Destruction of elastin and muscles in bronchial walls

Question 14

What is asthma?

Answer 14

-Reactive airway disease and narrowing of airways

Question 15

What do you see in asthma pathology?

Answer 15

• Hyperinflated lungs
• Thick mucus plugs in airways
• Smooth muscle hypertrophy

Question 16

What clinical signs might you see with asthma?

Answer 16

• Shortness of breath
• Chest tightness
• Precipitated by vagal stimulation
• Occurs in younger populations

Question 17

What is Fibrosing lung diseases?

Answer 17

• Usual interstitial pneumonitis
• NSIP
• RB-ILD
• DIP
• Collagen vascular diseases

Question 18

What are fibrosing lung diseases associated with?

Answer 18

-Collagen vascular diseases such as Rhematoid arthritis/SLE

Question 19

What causes Occupational lung diseases?

Answer 19

• Mineral dust induced (Coal WOrker’s Pneumoconiosis)
• Silicosis
• Asbestosis (Mesothelioma)

Question 20

What is a restrictive lung disease/multisystem disease of unknown etiology?

Answer 20

-Sarcoidosis

Question 21

What do you see in Sarcoidosis?

Answer 21

• Abnormal connective tissue and reduced elastic properties

- Multi-organ involvement

Question 22

What causes Sarcoidosis?

Answer 22

-Abnormally stimulated CD4 T helper cells

Question 23

What is Hemoptosis?

Answer 23

-Coughing up blood

Question 24

When do you see hemoptosis?

Answer 24

-Most diseases that cause sever coughing

Question 25

What are two vascular diseases of the lung?

Answer 25

- Pulmonary embolus | - Pulmonary hypertension

Question 26

What can a pulmonary embolus cause?

Answer 26

-Sudden death if in pulmonary artery

Question 27

What is the origin of a pulmonary embolus?

Answer 27

-Deep veins in legs

Question 28

What are the outcomes of a pulmonary embolus?

Answer 28

- Death - Prolonged bed rest - Surgery - Congestive heart failure

Question 29

What is the cause of pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 29

- Heart disease - Recurrent thromboemboli - Chronic lung disease

Question 30

What can develop with pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 30

-Cor pulmonale (Right ventricular failure)

Question 31

What is restrictive lung disease caused by?

Answer 31

-Fibrosis or chest wall abnormalities

Question 32

What happens to the gas exchange in restrictive lung disease?

Answer 32

- Impaired | - Have difficulty inhaling and expanding lungs

Question 33

What cause vascular lung disease?

Answer 33

-Gas exchange impaired by obstruction or hemorrhage

Question 34

What are the types of vascular lung disease?

Answer 34

- Abrupt | - Insidious

Question 35

What causes obstruction lung diseases?

Answer 35

-Blocked airways

Question 36

In obstruction lung diseases where is gas exchange not impaired?

Answer 36

-Through septal walls

Question 37

T/F In obstructive lung disease a person is unable to exhale

Answer 37

-True

Question 38

What is a Ghon complex associated with?

Answer 38

-TB

Question 39

What does TB usually effect?

Answer 39

-Usually lungs but can affect other organs

Question 40

Where does TB flourish?

Answer 40

- Crowded | - Impoverished areas

Question 41

T/F TB is non-contagious during long periods of dormancy

Answer 41

True

Question 42

T/F TB problems include multidrug antibiotic resistance

Answer 42

True

Question 43

What type of granulomas does TB form?

Answer 43

-Necrotizing granuloma

Question 44

T/F Most lung cancers are carinomas.

Answer 44

True

Question 45

What are the most common types of lung cancer carcinomas?

Answer 45

- Adeno | - Squamous cell type

Question 46

What are the most aggressive type of lung cancers?

Answer 46

-Small cell (oat cell) Carcinoma

Question 47

How many times more likely are smokers to develop a lung tumor than the general population?

Answer 47

55 X

Question 48

What can lung tumors frequently spread?

Answer 48

-Brain

Question 49

What is atopic asthma?

Answer 49

- Allergic reaction | - Hypersensitivity response

Question 50

What is non-atopic asthma?

Answer 50

- Non-allergy related | - May be family related but causes are not clear

Question 51

What type of infection is hospital acquired?

Answer 51

-Nosocomial

Question 52

What is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide?

Answer 52

-Lung carcinoma