Lung pathology Flashcards
What is Atelectasis (Collapse)?
-Inadequate expansion of airspaces
What can cause atelectasis?
- Aspiration
- Pneumothorax
- Pleural fibrosis
What can atelectasis give rise to?
-Hypoxia
What is acute respiratory distress syndrome?
-Progression of acute injury and damage from activated neutrophils
What is the main cause of COPD?
-Cigarette Smoke
Besides cigarette smoke what else can cause COPD?
- Emphysema
- Asthma
- Bronchietasis
What is Emphysema?
-Destruction of elastic fibers alveolar walls leading to permanent enlargement of airspaces
What is the clinical appearance of someone with emphysema?
- Hyperinflation with barrel chest
- Long expiratory phase with pursing of lips
- Dyspnea with cough and wheezing
What causes Emphysema?
- Smoking (inhibits alpha 1 antitrypsin)
- Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
- Air pollution
What is Chronic bronchitis?
-Persistent productive cough lasting longer than 3 months in 2 consecutive years
What causes chronic bronchitis?
- Smoking
- Air pollution
- Mucus hypersecretion associated with productive coughing
- Increased Reid index
What is bronchiectasis?
-Obstruction of bronchi and persistent necrotizing infections
What does bronchiectasis cause?
Destruction of elastin and muscles in bronchial walls
What is asthma?
-Reactive airway disease and narrowing of airways
What do you see in asthma pathology?
- Hyperinflated lungs
- Thick mucus plugs in airways
- Smooth muscle hypertrophy
What clinical signs might you see with asthma?
- Shortness of breath
- Chest tightness
- Precipitated by vagal stimulation
- Occurs in younger populations
What is Fibrosing lung diseases?
- Usual interstitial pneumonitis
- NSIP
- RB-ILD
- DIP
- Collagen vascular diseases
What are fibrosing lung diseases associated with?
-Collagen vascular diseases such as Rhematoid arthritis/SLE
What causes Occupational lung diseases?
- Mineral dust induced (Coal WOrker’s Pneumoconiosis)
- Silicosis
- Asbestosis (Mesothelioma)
What is a restrictive lung disease/multisystem disease of unknown etiology?
-Sarcoidosis
What do you see in Sarcoidosis?
- Abnormal connective tissue and reduced elastic properties
- Multi-organ involvement
What causes Sarcoidosis?
-Abnormally stimulated CD4 T helper cells
What is Hemoptosis?
-Coughing up blood
When do you see hemoptosis?
-Most diseases that cause sever coughing
What are two vascular diseases of the lung?
- Pulmonary embolus
- Pulmonary hypertension
What can a pulmonary embolus cause?
-Sudden death if in pulmonary artery
What is the origin of a pulmonary embolus?
-Deep veins in legs
What are the outcomes of a pulmonary embolus?
- Death
- Prolonged bed rest
- Surgery
- Congestive heart failure
What is the cause of pulmonary hypertension?
- Heart disease
- Recurrent thromboemboli
- Chronic lung disease
What can develop with pulmonary hypertension?
-Cor pulmonale (Right ventricular failure)
What is restrictive lung disease caused by?
-Fibrosis or chest wall abnormalities
What happens to the gas exchange in restrictive lung disease?
- Impaired
- Have difficulty inhaling and expanding lungs
What cause vascular lung disease?
-Gas exchange impaired by obstruction or hemorrhage
What are the types of vascular lung disease?
- Abrupt
- Insidious
What causes obstruction lung diseases?
-Blocked airways
In obstruction lung diseases where is gas exchange not impaired?
-Through septal walls
T/F In obstructive lung disease a person is unable to exhale
-True
What is a Ghon complex associated with?
-TB
What does TB usually effect?
-Usually lungs but can affect other organs
Where does TB flourish?
- Crowded
- Impoverished areas
T/F TB is non-contagious during long periods of dormancy
True
T/F TB problems include multidrug antibiotic resistance
True
What type of granulomas does TB form?
-Necrotizing granuloma
T/F Most lung cancers are carinomas.
True
What are the most common types of lung cancer carcinomas?
- Adeno
- Squamous cell type
What are the most aggressive type of lung cancers?
-Small cell (oat cell) Carcinoma
How many times more likely are smokers to develop a lung tumor than the general population?
55 X
What can lung tumors frequently spread?
-Brain
What is atopic asthma?
- Allergic reaction
- Hypersensitivity response
What is non-atopic asthma?
- Non-allergy related
- May be family related but causes are not clear
What type of infection is hospital acquired?
-Nosocomial
What is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide?
-Lung carcinoma
