Intro to pathology TEST 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the leading cause of death?

A

-Heart disease

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2
Q

What is the 2nd and 3rd leading causes of death?

A
  • Malignancy (2)

- Stroke (3)

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3
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

-Enlarged cells

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4
Q

What is atrophy?

A

-Smaller or fewer cells

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5
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

-More cells that cause enlargement

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6
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

-One type of tissue is replaced by another type of tissue

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7
Q

What is cachexia?

A

-68% of normal body weight that leads to death (Fatty atrophy)

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8
Q

What causes atrophy?

A
  • Lack of hormonal signals
  • Loss of innervation
  • Lack of use
  • Loss of blood supply
  • Starvation
  • Individual cell death
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9
Q

What causes hyperplasia?

A
  • Stress

- Hormones

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10
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

-Disorder hyperplasia without maturation

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11
Q

What are the main causes of cell injury and death?

A
  • Trauma
  • Ischemia
  • Toxin/radiation
  • Infection
  • Inflammation
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12
Q

What cell types are most prone to injury?

A
  • High metabolic activity

- Rapidly proliferating

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13
Q

What cells have high metabolic activity?

A
  • Cardiac myocytes
  • Rental tubular cells
  • Hepatocytes
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14
Q

What cells are rapidly proliferating?

A
  • Testicular cells
  • Intestinal lining cells
  • Hematopoietic cells
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15
Q

What is reversible cell injury?

A

-Damage not enough to kill cell

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16
Q

What are examples of reversible cell injury?

A
  • Mild acute tubular necrosis
  • Toxic liver injury
  • Severe exercise
17
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

-Orderly energy requiring cell death (

18
Q

Is apoptosis associated with inflammation?

19
Q

What are some examples where apoptosis happens?

A
  • Normal embryology
  • Normal cell turnover
  • Viral infection
  • Damaged cells
20
Q

What nuclear changes might you see in cell death?

A
  • Nuclear pyknosis
  • Karyolysis
  • Karyorrhexis
21
Q

What is karyorrhexis?

A

-Destructive fragmentation of nucleus of a dying cell causing irregular chromatin distribution

22
Q

What are different types of necrosis?

A
  • Coagulative necrosis
  • Liquefactive necrosis
  • Fat necrosis
  • Caseous necrosis
  • Gangrenous necrosis
23
Q

What type of necrosis does TB or other infectious granulomas cause?

A

-Caseous necrosis

24
Q

What is gangrenous necrosis?

A

-Death of a whole body part

25
Pathologist can see abnormal storage products, what is a fatty change of liver associated with?
- Alcoholism - Obesity - Starvation - Toxins
26
Pathologists can see abnormal storage products, where do you see glycogen accumulation?
- In liver in diabetes | - In glycogen storage diseases
27
Pathologists can see abnormal storage products, what is associated with lipid storage?
- Lipid storage disease | - Vessels in atherosclerosis
28
Brown storage is an abnormal storage product, what are some examples?
- Lipofuscin - Bilirubin (hemoglobin breakdown product) - Hemosiderin (iron pigment)
29
What does too much bilirubin cause?
- Jaundice | - Icterus
30
What is an extracellular protein storage problem?
-Amyloid
31
Where do you see calcification as an abnormal storage problem?
- Renal damage | - Dystrophic tissue damage