Intro to pathology TEST 2 Flashcards
What is the leading cause of death?
-Heart disease
What is the 2nd and 3rd leading causes of death?
- Malignancy (2)
- Stroke (3)
What is hypertrophy?
-Enlarged cells
What is atrophy?
-Smaller or fewer cells
What is hyperplasia?
-More cells that cause enlargement
What is metaplasia?
-One type of tissue is replaced by another type of tissue
What is cachexia?
-68% of normal body weight that leads to death (Fatty atrophy)
What causes atrophy?
- Lack of hormonal signals
- Loss of innervation
- Lack of use
- Loss of blood supply
- Starvation
- Individual cell death
What causes hyperplasia?
- Stress
- Hormones
What is dysplasia?
-Disorder hyperplasia without maturation
What are the main causes of cell injury and death?
- Trauma
- Ischemia
- Toxin/radiation
- Infection
- Inflammation
What cell types are most prone to injury?
- High metabolic activity
- Rapidly proliferating
What cells have high metabolic activity?
- Cardiac myocytes
- Rental tubular cells
- Hepatocytes
What cells are rapidly proliferating?
- Testicular cells
- Intestinal lining cells
- Hematopoietic cells
What is reversible cell injury?
-Damage not enough to kill cell
What are examples of reversible cell injury?
- Mild acute tubular necrosis
- Toxic liver injury
- Severe exercise
What is apoptosis?
-Orderly energy requiring cell death (
Is apoptosis associated with inflammation?
-No
What are some examples where apoptosis happens?
- Normal embryology
- Normal cell turnover
- Viral infection
- Damaged cells
What nuclear changes might you see in cell death?
- Nuclear pyknosis
- Karyolysis
- Karyorrhexis
What is karyorrhexis?
-Destructive fragmentation of nucleus of a dying cell causing irregular chromatin distribution
What are different types of necrosis?
- Coagulative necrosis
- Liquefactive necrosis
- Fat necrosis
- Caseous necrosis
- Gangrenous necrosis
What type of necrosis does TB or other infectious granulomas cause?
-Caseous necrosis
What is gangrenous necrosis?
-Death of a whole body part
Pathologist can see abnormal storage products, what is a fatty change of liver associated with?
- Alcoholism
- Obesity
- Starvation
- Toxins
Pathologists can see abnormal storage products, where do you see glycogen accumulation?
- In liver in diabetes
- In glycogen storage diseases
Pathologists can see abnormal storage products, what is associated with lipid storage?
- Lipid storage disease
- Vessels in atherosclerosis
Brown storage is an abnormal storage product, what are some examples?
- Lipofuscin
- Bilirubin (hemoglobin breakdown product)
- Hemosiderin (iron pigment)
What does too much bilirubin cause?
- Jaundice
- Icterus
What is an extracellular protein storage problem?
-Amyloid
Where do you see calcification as an abnormal storage problem?
- Renal damage
- Dystrophic tissue damage
