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Human disease and therapeutics 2020 > Kidney pathology > Flashcards

Kidney pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most common causes of chronic kidney disease?

A
  • Diabetes (1st)
  • Hypertensive kidney disease
  • Chronic glomerulonephritis
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2
Q

What can cause halitosis in kidney disease?

A

-Uremia

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3
Q

What is nephrotic syndrome?

A

-Spilling protein into the urine

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4
Q

What do you see with nephrotic syndrome?

A
  • Heavy proteinuria (3.5g or more/ day in urine)
  • Edema
  • Hypoalbuminemia
  • Hyperlipidemia
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5
Q

What is nephritic syndrome?

A

-Acute renal failure

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6
Q

What do you see with nephritic syndrome?

A
  • Active urine sediment
  • Hypertension
  • Kidney dysfunction
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7
Q

What do you see with glomerulonephritis?

A

-Inflammatory injury to the kidney

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8
Q

What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome is the US?

A

-Diabetes

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9
Q

What can Chronic renal disease pts have?

A
  • Platelet dysfunction (bleeding)
  • Bone abnormaliites (slow bone healing)
  • Premature bone loss (Osteoporosis)
  • Infectious complications (Due to immunosuppression)
  • gingival hyperplasia
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10
Q

What are common symptoms of CRD?

A
  • Heavy proteinuria
  • Hematuria
  • Inflammatory injury to kidneys (Immune deposits in glomeruli blocks normal blood filtration and reabsorption)
  • Glomeruli scarring and damaged function could be sclerotic
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11
Q

What are urinary obstruction symptoms?

A
  • Anuria
  • Polyuria
  • Bladder distention
  • sometimes asymptomatic
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12
Q

If you have complete kidney blockage how long does it take to be irreversible?

A

-3 weeks

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of kidney stones?

A
  • Renal colic
  • Hematuria
  • Pyelonephritis
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14
Q

What is the cause of pyelonephritis?

A
  • Due to retrograde spread from cystitis or hematogenous spread
  • Common with urinary obstruction, stenosis
  • Diabetes
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15
Q

What are the consequences of pyelonephritis?

A
  • Flank pain
  • Fever
  • 10-20% chronic renal failure
  • Kidney scarring
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16
Q

What is the difference between an adenoma or a papillary renal cell carcinoma?

A

-Adenoma is less than 1.5 cm

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17
Q

What are benign adult renal tumors?

A
  • Adenoma

- Oncocytoma

18
Q

Who are renal cell carcinomas more common in?

A
  • Males older than 40 and
  • smokers
  • Analgesic users (NSAIDS)
  • Obesity
19
Q

What is 80-90 % of all renal malignancies?

A

-Renal cell carcinoma

20
Q

What are the symptoms of renal cell carcinomas?

A
  • Often asymptomatic
  • Hematuria
  • Dull flank pain
  • Fever
  • Fatigue
21
Q

What is the most common type of renal cell carcinoma?

A

-Clear cell type

22
Q

Where are renal cell carcinomas most likely to metastasize to?

A
  • Lungs

- Bone

23
Q

What is the most common malignant renal tumor in children in the first 3 yrs of life?

A

-Wilms tumor

24
Q

What bacteria is the main one that causes bacterial cystitis?

A

E.coli

25
Q

What are contributing factors to bacterial cystitis?

A
  • Stones
  • Catheters
  • Short female urethras
  • Obstructions
26
Q

Who do you see urothelial carcinomas most often in?

A

Males older than 50

27
Q

What is urothelial carcinomas associated with?

A
  • Smoking

- Carcinogens

28
Q

What is the most common urothelial malignancy?

A

-Urothelial carcinoma

29
Q

What can cause prostatitis?

A

-Bacteria such as cystitis

30
Q

What does prostatitis cause?

A

-Enlarged and tender prostate can cause obstruction

31
Q

how many many older than 75 have benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

95%

32
Q

What is the cause of BPH?

A

-Not well known but perhaps has to do with androgens or even estrogens

33
Q

T/F Urinary obstruction is common in BPH

A

True

34
Q

What is the most common malignancy excluding skin cancers in older men?

A

-Prostatic adenocarcinoma

35
Q

How do you detect prostatic adenocarcinoma?

A

-Rectal exams

36
Q

What does a rapidly increasing Prostate specific antigen (PSA) mean?

A

-High risk for cancer

37
Q

Where is the most common metastatic site for prostate cancer?

A

-Bone

38
Q

T/F The more PSA bound to alpha 1 antichymotrypsin, the greater the risk of cancer

A

True

39
Q

Most common primary glomerulonephritis is IgA nephropathy that is triggered by what?

A

-Viral infection

40
Q

What is hydronephrosis caused by?

A
  • Blood clot

- Tumor-Pregnancy

41
Q

What does nephrotic syndrome include?

A
  • Proteinuria
  • Lipidurea
  • Edema
42
Q

What do you see with Medullary sponge kidney?

A
  • Enlarged
  • Kidney stones
  • UTI
  • Benign

Human disease and therapeutics 2020 (60 decks)

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