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Human disease and therapeutics 2020 > Test #3 Tumors > Flashcards

Test #3 Tumors Flashcards

1
Q

What is the second leading cause of death in the US?

A

-Cancer

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2
Q

What is cancer caused by?

A
  • accumulation of DNA mutations in cells acquired spontaneously or induced
  • most arise de novo (“anew”), but some come from benign tumors
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3
Q

What do cancers do to immune detection?

A

-They evade immune detection

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4
Q

T/F Cancers develop their own angiogenesis

A

True

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5
Q

What do cancer cells lack dealing with growth signals?

A

-They lack response to growth inhibitory signals

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6
Q

Cancer cells are non-responsive to what?

A

-Normal physiologic cues

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7
Q

T/F A neoplasm is controlled growth of cells and is progeny of a single cell

A

False

-Is uncontrolled growth

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8
Q

What is an epithelial tumor known as?

A

-Carcinoma

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9
Q

What is a mesenchymal tumor known as?

A

-Sarcoma

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10
Q

What is a lymphoid tumor known as?

A

-Lymphoma

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11
Q

What is a hematopoietic tumor known as?

A

-Leukemia

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12
Q

What is a benign epithelial tumor if glandular?

A

-Adenoma

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13
Q

What is a benign epithelial tumor if projected?

A

-Papilloma

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14
Q

What is a malignant tumor of glandular epithelial cells?

A

-Adenocarcinoma

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15
Q

What is a benign tumor of fat cells?

A

-Lipoma

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16
Q

What is a malignancy of bone cells?

A

-Osteosarcoma

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17
Q

What is a benign tumor of smooth muscle?

A

-Leiomyoma

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18
Q

Granulomas are not a neoplasm, what are they?

A

-Inflammatory mass of immune cells

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19
Q

T/F Hamartomas are a malignancy

A

False

-They are not

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20
Q

What is normal tissue in another organ?

A

-Choristoma

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21
Q

What is a benign tumor usually of fibroblast and frequently found in the heart?

A

-Myxoma

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22
Q

Where is a myxoma frequently found?

A

-Heart

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23
Q

What is a germ cell tumor than can contain tissue or tissues not associated with surrounding organ such as a tooth bud in an ovary?

A

-Teratoma

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24
Q

What is the most common kind of malignancy?

A

-Carcinomas

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25
Q

Where do carcinomas most often metastasize to?

A

-Regional lymph nodes but they can spread through blood depending on the type

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26
Q

What is Carcinoma in situ?

A

-Is not invasive and doesn’t metastasize

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27
Q

T/F A carcinoma is invasive and its pattern of spread is usually predictable

A

True

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28
Q

What type of carcinoma is similar in appearance regardless of primary site?

A

-Squamous cell carcinoma

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29
Q

Is the skin or lip/oral cavity/lung region more dangerous to have a squamous cell carcinoma?

A

-Lip/oral cavity/lung region

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30
Q

An adenocarcinoma forms gland and cells often make what?

A

-Protein mucin

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31
Q

Where do carcinoid tumors usually show up?

A

-GI tract or lungs

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32
Q

What type of lung carcinomas are highly malignant?

A

-Small cell

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33
Q

T/F Carcinoid tumors of the GI or lung are typically low grade

A

True

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34
Q

What type of oma has a pushing rather than an invasive border?

A

-Sarcoma

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35
Q

What a sarcoma metastasizes where does it go?

A

-Blood not lymph nodes

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36
Q

What is the most common form of bone cancer?

A

-Osteosarcoma

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37
Q

Who is a Ewing sarcoma frequently seen in?

A

-Children

38
Q

What does a chondrosarcoma develop from?

A

-Cartilage

39
Q

What is a cancer of blood cells and bone marrow?

A

-Lymphomas

40
Q

What type of lymphoma has Reed-Sternberg cells?

A

-Hodgkins

41
Q

What is a form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and linked to EBV?

A

-Burkitt’s lymphoma

42
Q

What type of lymphoma starts with B cells?

A

-Burkitt’s lymphoma

43
Q

What terminology states: newly diagnosed cases/time

A

Incidence

44
Q

What terminology states: Deaths/time

A

Mortality

45
Q

What terminology states: New and preexisting cases at one time?

A

-Prevalence

46
Q

What terminology states: Proportion of pts alive at a given time after diagnosis?

A

-Survival

47
Q

How many new cancer cases occurred in 2011?

A

-1.5 million

48
Q

How many caner deaths occurred in 2011?

A

-570,000

49
Q

What is the leading cause of most sporadic cancers?

A

-Environment

50
Q

T/F Cancer are often caused by Autosomal dominant genes

A

True

51
Q

What type of cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the US?

A

-Lung cancer

52
Q

What are solid tumor mutation panels?

A
  • Next-gen sequencing used for solid tumor tissue

- Assessed for multiple potential targets for therapeutic responses - sometimes can predict prognosis

53
Q

What are chromosomal changes associated with cancers?

A
  • Deletions
  • Translocations
  • Duplications
  • Amplifications
  • Abnormal number of chromosomes
54
Q

What are genetic targets for tumors?

A
  • Oncogenes
  • Nuclear regulating genes
  • Tumor supressor genes
  • Apoptosis regulating genes
  • DNA repair genes
  • Angio-neogenesis
55
Q

What do oncogenes do?

A

-Promote proliferation

56
Q

What drug works by inhibiting oncogenes?

A

-Gleevac

57
Q

What are tumor suppressor genes?

A

-BRCA 1 and 2

58
Q

Most chemotherapy targets what?

A

-Proliferating cells and most often interfere with DNA replication

59
Q

What type of tumors is chemotherapy good at killing?

A
  • Fast growing tumors

- It is not so good for slow growing or non-growing tumors

60
Q

What type of cells does chemotherapy injure?

A

-Normal proliferating cells such as bone marrow, intestinal mucosa, or hair

61
Q

Roughly _______ of cell doublings occur before tumor detected

A

3/4

62
Q

What are some things that cause mutations to form cancers?

A
  • Chemical carcinogens
  • Alkylating agents
  • Nitrosamines in food
  • UV light
  • Radiation
  • Metal ions such as nickel and arsenic
63
Q

What does the Ames test measure?

A

-If a chemical alters genetic changes in bacteria and would be a carcinogen

64
Q

What tumor viruses can cause cancer?

A

-HPV

65
Q

What bacteria and inflammation sources can cause cancer?

A
  • H. pylori

- Asbestosis

66
Q

What hormonal activations can cause cancer?

A
  • Sex hormones

- Androgens can cause prostate and estrogens can cause breast cancers

67
Q

Aids have increased the chance to get what type of cancer?

A

-Lymphomas

68
Q

What type of cancer do human herpes virus infections induce?

A

-Kaposi’s sarcoma

69
Q

What are chemical carcinogens?

A
  • Ractive chemicals
  • Alkylating agents
  • Nitrosamine
  • Polycyclic aromatic compounds
  • Aflaztoxin
  • Metal ions
70
Q

What is Aflaztoxin?

A

-Fungus on peanuts or other foods

71
Q

What is an example of Polycylcic aromatic compounds?

A

-Benzopyrenes

72
Q

What do reactive chemicals do to cause cancer?

A

-Alter DNA

73
Q

What are some cancers that X-rays and Gamma rays can cause?

A
  • Leukemia
  • Breast
  • Lung
  • Salivary gland cancers
74
Q

What type of cancer can Hepatitis B and C lead to?

A

-Hepatocellular carcinoma

75
Q

What type of cancer can H pylori cause?

A

-Gastric adenocarcinoma

76
Q

What genes suppress proliferative genes?

A

-p53

77
Q

What does Adenomatous polyposis coli gene (APC gene) do?

A

Helps control apoptosis

78
Q

what is a malignancy of hepatocytes?

A

hepatoma

79
Q

what is a malignancy of skeletal muscle?

A

rhabdomyosarcoma

80
Q

are skin tags a neoplasm?

A

no

81
Q

what is mal-developed tissue in the proper organ?

A

hamartoma

82
Q

the following cytologic features are characteristic of what malignancy?

  • nuclear enlargment
  • abundant mitotic figures
  • pleomorphic (can exist as multiple cell types and morphologies)
  • high nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio
A

carcinomas

83
Q

are sarcomas more or less likely to metastasize than carcinomas?

A

less likely

84
Q

when sarcomas metastasize, what is the most often location they metastasize to?

A

to the lung, via blood (not lymph)

85
Q

where are leiomyomas most often found?

A

uterus

86
Q

T or F: cancer subtype risks are seen in those moving to different areas of the world, and usually begin to reflect that of the native population in subsequent generations

A

true

87
Q

japanese populations have a risk of ___ cancer that is 7x higher than in the US

A

gastric

88
Q

breast cancer is more common in what areas of the world?

A

europe and US

89
Q

what is the issue with “complete response to cancer treatment”?

A

it doesn’t actually kill all of the cells (99.9%), so thousands of malignant cells are left, meaning that although it may cause remission, the cancer is not fully cured

90
Q

how many types of mutations do malignant tumors usually require to survive?

A

at least 5-6

91
Q

immunodeficient children are how much more likely to develop cancer?

A

200x

Human disease and therapeutics 2020 (60 decks)

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