Test #3 Tumors Flashcards
1
Q
What is the second leading cause of death in the US?
A
-Cancer
2
Q
What is cancer caused by?
A
- accumulation of DNA mutations in cells acquired spontaneously or induced
- most arise de novo (“anew”), but some come from benign tumors
3
Q
What do cancers do to immune detection?
A
-They evade immune detection
4
Q
T/F Cancers develop their own angiogenesis
A
True
5
Q
What do cancer cells lack dealing with growth signals?
A
-They lack response to growth inhibitory signals
6
Q
Cancer cells are non-responsive to what?
A
-Normal physiologic cues
7
Q
T/F A neoplasm is controlled growth of cells and is progeny of a single cell
A
False
-Is uncontrolled growth
8
Q
What is an epithelial tumor known as?
A
-Carcinoma
9
Q
What is a mesenchymal tumor known as?
A
-Sarcoma
10
Q
What is a lymphoid tumor known as?
A
-Lymphoma
11
Q
What is a hematopoietic tumor known as?
A
-Leukemia
12
Q
What is a benign epithelial tumor if glandular?
A
-Adenoma
13
Q
What is a benign epithelial tumor if projected?
A
-Papilloma
14
Q
What is a malignant tumor of glandular epithelial cells?
A
-Adenocarcinoma
15
Q
What is a benign tumor of fat cells?
A
-Lipoma
16
Q
What is a malignancy of bone cells?
A
-Osteosarcoma
17
Q
What is a benign tumor of smooth muscle?
A
-Leiomyoma
18
Q
Granulomas are not a neoplasm, what are they?
A
-Inflammatory mass of immune cells
19
Q
T/F Hamartomas are a malignancy
A
False
-They are not
20
Q
What is normal tissue in another organ?
A
-Choristoma
21
Q
What is a benign tumor usually of fibroblast and frequently found in the heart?
A
-Myxoma
22
Q
Where is a myxoma frequently found?
A
-Heart
23
Q
What is a germ cell tumor than can contain tissue or tissues not associated with surrounding organ such as a tooth bud in an ovary?
A
-Teratoma
24
Q
What is the most common kind of malignancy?
A
-Carcinomas
25
Where do carcinomas most often metastasize to?
-Regional lymph nodes but they can spread through blood depending on the type
26
What is Carcinoma in situ?
-Is not invasive and doesn't metastasize
27
T/F A carcinoma is invasive and its pattern of spread is usually predictable
True
28
What type of carcinoma is similar in appearance regardless of primary site?
-Squamous cell carcinoma
29
Is the skin or lip/oral cavity/lung region more dangerous to have a squamous cell carcinoma?
-Lip/oral cavity/lung region
30
An adenocarcinoma forms gland and cells often make what?
-Protein mucin
31
Where do carcinoid tumors usually show up?
-GI tract or lungs
32
What type of lung carcinomas are highly malignant?
-Small cell
33
T/F Carcinoid tumors of the GI or lung are typically low grade
True
34
What type of oma has a pushing rather than an invasive border?
-Sarcoma
35
What a sarcoma metastasizes where does it go?
-Blood not lymph nodes
36
What is the most common form of bone cancer?
-Osteosarcoma
37
Who is a Ewing sarcoma frequently seen in?
-Children
38
What does a chondrosarcoma develop from?
-Cartilage
39
What is a cancer of blood cells and bone marrow?
-Lymphomas
40
What type of lymphoma has Reed-Sternberg cells?
-Hodgkins
41
What is a form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and linked to EBV?
-Burkitt's lymphoma
42
What type of lymphoma starts with B cells?
-Burkitt's lymphoma
43
What terminology states: newly diagnosed cases/time
Incidence
44
What terminology states: Deaths/time
Mortality
45
What terminology states: New and preexisting cases at one time?
-Prevalence
46
What terminology states: Proportion of pts alive at a given time after diagnosis?
-Survival
47
How many new cancer cases occurred in 2011?
-1.5 million
48
How many caner deaths occurred in 2011?
-570,000
49
What is the leading cause of most sporadic cancers?
-Environment
50
T/F Cancer are often caused by Autosomal dominant genes
True
51
What type of cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the US?
-Lung cancer
52
What are solid tumor mutation panels?
- Next-gen sequencing used for solid tumor tissue
| - Assessed for multiple potential targets for therapeutic responses - sometimes can predict prognosis
53
What are chromosomal changes associated with cancers?
- Deletions
- Translocations
- Duplications
- Amplifications
- Abnormal number of chromosomes
54
What are genetic targets for tumors?
- Oncogenes
- Nuclear regulating genes
- Tumor supressor genes
- Apoptosis regulating genes
- DNA repair genes
- Angio-neogenesis
55
What do oncogenes do?
-Promote proliferation
56
What drug works by inhibiting oncogenes?
-Gleevac
57
What are tumor suppressor genes?
-BRCA 1 and 2
58
Most chemotherapy targets what?
-Proliferating cells and most often interfere with DNA replication
59
What type of tumors is chemotherapy good at killing?
- Fast growing tumors
| - It is not so good for slow growing or non-growing tumors
60
What type of cells does chemotherapy injure?
-Normal proliferating cells such as bone marrow, intestinal mucosa, or hair
61
Roughly _______ of cell doublings occur before tumor detected
3/4
62
What are some things that cause mutations to form cancers?
- Chemical carcinogens
- Alkylating agents
- Nitrosamines in food
- UV light
- Radiation
- Metal ions such as nickel and arsenic
63
What does the Ames test measure?
-If a chemical alters genetic changes in bacteria and would be a carcinogen
64
What tumor viruses can cause cancer?
-HPV
65
What bacteria and inflammation sources can cause cancer?
- H. pylori
| - Asbestosis
66
What hormonal activations can cause cancer?
- Sex hormones
| - Androgens can cause prostate and estrogens can cause breast cancers
67
Aids have increased the chance to get what type of cancer?
-Lymphomas
68
What type of cancer do human herpes virus infections induce?
-Kaposi's sarcoma
69
What are chemical carcinogens?
- Ractive chemicals
- Alkylating agents
- Nitrosamine
- Polycyclic aromatic compounds
- Aflaztoxin
- Metal ions
70
What is Aflaztoxin?
-Fungus on peanuts or other foods
71
What is an example of Polycylcic aromatic compounds?
-Benzopyrenes
72
What do reactive chemicals do to cause cancer?
-Alter DNA
73
What are some cancers that X-rays and Gamma rays can cause?
- Leukemia
- Breast
- Lung
- Salivary gland cancers
74
What type of cancer can Hepatitis B and C lead to?
-Hepatocellular carcinoma
75
What type of cancer can H pylori cause?
-Gastric adenocarcinoma
76
What genes suppress proliferative genes?
-p53
77
What does Adenomatous polyposis coli gene (APC gene) do?
Helps control apoptosis
78
what is a malignancy of hepatocytes?
hepatoma
79
what is a malignancy of skeletal muscle?
rhabdomyosarcoma
80
are skin tags a neoplasm?
no
81
what is mal-developed tissue in the proper organ?
hamartoma
82
the following cytologic features are characteristic of what malignancy?
- nuclear enlargment
- abundant mitotic figures
- pleomorphic (can exist as multiple cell types and morphologies)
- high nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio
carcinomas
83
are sarcomas more or less likely to metastasize than carcinomas?
less likely
84
when sarcomas metastasize, what is the most often location they metastasize to?
to the lung, via blood (not lymph)
85
where are leiomyomas most often found?
uterus
86
T or F: cancer subtype risks are seen in those moving to different areas of the world, and usually begin to reflect that of the native population in subsequent generations
true
87
japanese populations have a risk of ___ cancer that is 7x higher than in the US
gastric
88
breast cancer is more common in what areas of the world?
europe and US
89
what is the issue with "complete response to cancer treatment"?
it doesn't actually kill all of the cells (99.9%), so thousands of malignant cells are left, meaning that although it may cause remission, the cancer is not fully cured
90
how many types of mutations do malignant tumors usually require to survive?
at least 5-6
91
immunodeficient children are how much more likely to develop cancer?
200x
