Test #3 Tumors Flashcards
What is the second leading cause of death in the US?
-Cancer
What is cancer caused by?
- accumulation of DNA mutations in cells acquired spontaneously or induced
- most arise de novo (“anew”), but some come from benign tumors
What do cancers do to immune detection?
-They evade immune detection
T/F Cancers develop their own angiogenesis
True
What do cancer cells lack dealing with growth signals?
-They lack response to growth inhibitory signals
Cancer cells are non-responsive to what?
-Normal physiologic cues
T/F A neoplasm is controlled growth of cells and is progeny of a single cell
False
-Is uncontrolled growth
What is an epithelial tumor known as?
-Carcinoma
What is a mesenchymal tumor known as?
-Sarcoma
What is a lymphoid tumor known as?
-Lymphoma
What is a hematopoietic tumor known as?
-Leukemia
What is a benign epithelial tumor if glandular?
-Adenoma
What is a benign epithelial tumor if projected?
-Papilloma
What is a malignant tumor of glandular epithelial cells?
-Adenocarcinoma
What is a benign tumor of fat cells?
-Lipoma
What is a malignancy of bone cells?
-Osteosarcoma
What is a benign tumor of smooth muscle?
-Leiomyoma
Granulomas are not a neoplasm, what are they?
-Inflammatory mass of immune cells
T/F Hamartomas are a malignancy
False
-They are not
What is normal tissue in another organ?
-Choristoma
What is a benign tumor usually of fibroblast and frequently found in the heart?
-Myxoma
Where is a myxoma frequently found?
-Heart
What is a germ cell tumor than can contain tissue or tissues not associated with surrounding organ such as a tooth bud in an ovary?
-Teratoma
What is the most common kind of malignancy?
-Carcinomas
Where do carcinomas most often metastasize to?
-Regional lymph nodes but they can spread through blood depending on the type
What is Carcinoma in situ?
-Is not invasive and doesn’t metastasize
T/F A carcinoma is invasive and its pattern of spread is usually predictable
True
What type of carcinoma is similar in appearance regardless of primary site?
-Squamous cell carcinoma
Is the skin or lip/oral cavity/lung region more dangerous to have a squamous cell carcinoma?
-Lip/oral cavity/lung region
An adenocarcinoma forms gland and cells often make what?
-Protein mucin
Where do carcinoid tumors usually show up?
-GI tract or lungs
What type of lung carcinomas are highly malignant?
-Small cell
T/F Carcinoid tumors of the GI or lung are typically low grade
True
What type of oma has a pushing rather than an invasive border?
-Sarcoma
What a sarcoma metastasizes where does it go?
-Blood not lymph nodes
What is the most common form of bone cancer?
-Osteosarcoma
Who is a Ewing sarcoma frequently seen in?
-Children
What does a chondrosarcoma develop from?
-Cartilage
What is a cancer of blood cells and bone marrow?
-Lymphomas
What type of lymphoma has Reed-Sternberg cells?
-Hodgkins
What is a form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and linked to EBV?
-Burkitt’s lymphoma
What type of lymphoma starts with B cells?
-Burkitt’s lymphoma
What terminology states: newly diagnosed cases/time
Incidence
What terminology states: Deaths/time
Mortality
What terminology states: New and preexisting cases at one time?
-Prevalence
What terminology states: Proportion of pts alive at a given time after diagnosis?
-Survival
How many new cancer cases occurred in 2011?
-1.5 million
How many caner deaths occurred in 2011?
-570,000
What is the leading cause of most sporadic cancers?
-Environment
T/F Cancer are often caused by Autosomal dominant genes
True
What type of cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the US?
-Lung cancer
What are solid tumor mutation panels?
- Next-gen sequencing used for solid tumor tissue
- Assessed for multiple potential targets for therapeutic responses - sometimes can predict prognosis
What are chromosomal changes associated with cancers?
- Deletions
- Translocations
- Duplications
- Amplifications
- Abnormal number of chromosomes
What are genetic targets for tumors?
- Oncogenes
- Nuclear regulating genes
- Tumor supressor genes
- Apoptosis regulating genes
- DNA repair genes
- Angio-neogenesis
What do oncogenes do?
-Promote proliferation
What drug works by inhibiting oncogenes?
-Gleevac
What are tumor suppressor genes?
-BRCA 1 and 2
Most chemotherapy targets what?
-Proliferating cells and most often interfere with DNA replication
What type of tumors is chemotherapy good at killing?
- Fast growing tumors
- It is not so good for slow growing or non-growing tumors
What type of cells does chemotherapy injure?
-Normal proliferating cells such as bone marrow, intestinal mucosa, or hair
Roughly _______ of cell doublings occur before tumor detected
3/4
What are some things that cause mutations to form cancers?
- Chemical carcinogens
- Alkylating agents
- Nitrosamines in food
- UV light
- Radiation
- Metal ions such as nickel and arsenic
What does the Ames test measure?
-If a chemical alters genetic changes in bacteria and would be a carcinogen
What tumor viruses can cause cancer?
-HPV
What bacteria and inflammation sources can cause cancer?
- H. pylori
- Asbestosis
What hormonal activations can cause cancer?
- Sex hormones
- Androgens can cause prostate and estrogens can cause breast cancers
Aids have increased the chance to get what type of cancer?
-Lymphomas
What type of cancer do human herpes virus infections induce?
-Kaposi’s sarcoma
What are chemical carcinogens?
- Ractive chemicals
- Alkylating agents
- Nitrosamine
- Polycyclic aromatic compounds
- Aflaztoxin
- Metal ions
What is Aflaztoxin?
-Fungus on peanuts or other foods
What is an example of Polycylcic aromatic compounds?
-Benzopyrenes
What do reactive chemicals do to cause cancer?
-Alter DNA
What are some cancers that X-rays and Gamma rays can cause?
- Leukemia
- Breast
- Lung
- Salivary gland cancers
What type of cancer can Hepatitis B and C lead to?
-Hepatocellular carcinoma
What type of cancer can H pylori cause?
-Gastric adenocarcinoma
What genes suppress proliferative genes?
-p53
What does Adenomatous polyposis coli gene (APC gene) do?
Helps control apoptosis
what is a malignancy of hepatocytes?
hepatoma
what is a malignancy of skeletal muscle?
rhabdomyosarcoma
are skin tags a neoplasm?
no
what is mal-developed tissue in the proper organ?
hamartoma
the following cytologic features are characteristic of what malignancy?
- nuclear enlargment
- abundant mitotic figures
- pleomorphic (can exist as multiple cell types and morphologies)
- high nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio
carcinomas
are sarcomas more or less likely to metastasize than carcinomas?
less likely
when sarcomas metastasize, what is the most often location they metastasize to?
to the lung, via blood (not lymph)
where are leiomyomas most often found?
uterus
T or F: cancer subtype risks are seen in those moving to different areas of the world, and usually begin to reflect that of the native population in subsequent generations
true
japanese populations have a risk of ___ cancer that is 7x higher than in the US
gastric
breast cancer is more common in what areas of the world?
europe and US
what is the issue with “complete response to cancer treatment”?
it doesn’t actually kill all of the cells (99.9%), so thousands of malignant cells are left, meaning that although it may cause remission, the cancer is not fully cured
how many types of mutations do malignant tumors usually require to survive?
at least 5-6
immunodeficient children are how much more likely to develop cancer?
200x
