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Human disease and therapeutics 2020 > Circulatory disorders lecture 2 TEST 2 > Flashcards

Circulatory disorders lecture 2 TEST 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is essential hypertension?

A

-Primary hypertension or it has no identifiable underlying cause

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2
Q

What is secondary hypertension?

A

-It is secondary to a separate underlying medical condition such as congestive heart failure

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3
Q

What are some common causes of secondary hypertension?

A
  • Endocrine (steroid, thyroid, or pheochromocytoma)
  • Drugs
  • Pregnancy
  • Renal failure
  • Sleep apnea
  • Renal artery stenosis
  • Pain
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4
Q

What is the most common type of hypertension?

A

-Essential hypertension

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5
Q

What are the causes of essential hypertension?

A
  • Increased sodium

- Narrowing of arteries

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6
Q

What are some hypertension induced problems?

A
  • Accelerated atherosclerosis
  • MI
  • Stroke
  • Peripheral vascular disease
  • Aneurysms
  • Heart failure
  • Renal failure
  • hemorrhages
  • Decrease arterial density
  • Malignant hypertension
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7
Q

What is the main cause of left ventricular hypertrophy?

A

-Hypertension

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8
Q

What is malignant hypertension?

A

-Sudden increase in BP and is most common in African Americans

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9
Q

What is hyperlipidemia a risk factor for?

A

-Many atherosclerotic diseases

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10
Q

What are secondary cause for hyperlipidemia?

A
  • Diabetes especially type 2
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Poor diet
  • Obesity
  • Heavy alcohol use
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11
Q

What is the main type of hyperlipidemia?

A

-Hypercholesterolemia

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12
Q

What causes familial hypercholesterolemia?

A

-Interaction of genetic and environmental factors

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13
Q

What percent of use adults have hypercholesterolemia more than 200mg/dL

A

50%

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14
Q

What does HDL deliver lipids to?

A

-Periphery to liver

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15
Q

What does LDL deliver lipids to?

A

-Liver to periphery

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16
Q

What does VLDL do?

A

-Deliver lipids from liver to periphery

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17
Q

What are the major core lipids in VLDL and chylomicrons?

A

-Triglycerides

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18
Q

What are the major core lipids in HDL or LDL?

A

-Cholesteryl ester

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19
Q

Where do chylomicrons deliver lipids to and from?

A

-From gut to the liver

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20
Q

What does reverse cholesterol transport?

A

-HDL

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21
Q

What do lipids induce?

A

-Atherosclerosis

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22
Q

What does atherogenic mean?

A

-From liver

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23
Q

What does anti-atherogenic mean?

A

-Back to the liver

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24
Q

If a person has higher HDL what are they less likely to have?

A

-Atherosclerosis

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25
What should you total cholesterol be under?
-200 mg/dL
26
What do you want to keep your LDL under if you are high risk?
-70 mg/dL
27
What is a good HDL?
80 mg/dL
28
What is the goal of triglycerides that you should have?
less than 150 mg/dL
29
What is the leading cause of death?
-Atherosclerosis (causes 80% of heart diseases)
30
What is the main cause of a stroke?
-Atherosclerosis
31
What is the hardening of arteries?
-Arteriosclerosis
32
What is the lipid deposits/plaques called atheromas in the arteries known as?
-Atherosclerosis
33
What will a pt with an atherosclerotic coronary artery feel like when exerting themselves?
-Angina
34
What does an abrupt stenosis cause?
-Thrombus/embolus
35
What does a slow stenosis cause?
-Stable Angina
36
What are the most common sites of atherosclerosis?
- Aorta - Coronary arteries - Legs - Carotids/circle of Willis - Kidney - pulmonary
37
What causes an MI?
-A thrombus in the coronary artery
38
What are risk factors for atherosclerosis?
- Smoking - Hypertension - Diabetes - Nephrosclerosis - Post menopause
39
What does smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and inflammation do in the sequence of developing atherosclerosis?
-Endothelial dysfunction
40
Once you have endothelial dysfunction what is the next step in the sequence of developing atherosclerosis?
-Lipids deposit in vessel wall intima
41
Have lipids deposit in the vessel wall intima what is the next step in the sequence of developing atherosclerosis?
-Inflammation
42
What can inflammation do in developing atherosclerosis?
-Cause fibrosis in the smooth muscle or a plaque rupture
43
Stenosis impedes blood flow at what percent of blockage?
75%
44
What is the most dangerous type of stenosis?
-Abrupt stenosis
45
What causes most infarcts?
Ruptures that lead to a throbmus or embolism
46
What is the most common site for atherosclerosis?
-Aorta
47
What can atherosclerosis in the iliac, femoral or popliteal arteries cause?
-Claudications leading to necrosis/gangreneWhat
48
What can atherosclerosis in the kidney cause?
-Hypertension and maybe renal failure
49
What can damage to the media in the aorta cause?
-Aneurysm (enlargement of the artery/weakened)
50
What is the most common cause of strokes?
- Cerebral infarct (most common) | - Hemorrhagic
51
What does smoking do in the risk for atherosclerosis?
- Endothelial injury - Increase coagulation - Free radicals
52
What does dyslipidemia do in the cause atherosclerosis?
-Promotes lipid deposition in vessels
53
What does hypertension do in the cause atherosclerosis?
-Endothelial damage
54
What age increases your risk for atherosclerosis?
- >45 males | - >55 females
55
What lifestyle factors increase your risk for atherosclerosis?
- Obesity - Inactivity - Poor diet
56
Where do you see numbness/paralysis from a stroke?
-Contralateral side
57
What are the causes of ischemic heart disease?
- Coronary artery stenosis | - Atheroma types
58
What is Angina pectoris?
-Paroxysmal attacks of chest pain in the substernal or precordial areas
59
What causes Angina pectoris?
-Myocardial ischemia
60
What causes Stable angina?
-Exertion
61
When does variant Angina occur?
-Typically at rest
62
What is unstable angina?
-New or worsening angina with prolonged pain or pain at rest
63
What type of angina has an ST elevation?
-Variant Angina
64
What are myocardial infarct symptoms?
- Retrosternal chest pain - Dyspnea - Diaphoresis - nausea/vomiting - palpitations - anxiety

Human disease and therapeutics 2020 (60 decks)

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