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Human disease and therapeutics 2020 > Circulatory disorders lecture 2 TEST 2 > Flashcards

Circulatory disorders lecture 2 TEST 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is essential hypertension?

A

-Primary hypertension or it has no identifiable underlying cause

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2
Q

What is secondary hypertension?

A

-It is secondary to a separate underlying medical condition such as congestive heart failure

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3
Q

What are some common causes of secondary hypertension?

A
  • Endocrine (steroid, thyroid, or pheochromocytoma)
  • Drugs
  • Pregnancy
  • Renal failure
  • Sleep apnea
  • Renal artery stenosis
  • Pain
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4
Q

What is the most common type of hypertension?

A

-Essential hypertension

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5
Q

What are the causes of essential hypertension?

A
  • Increased sodium

- Narrowing of arteries

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6
Q

What are some hypertension induced problems?

A
  • Accelerated atherosclerosis
  • MI
  • Stroke
  • Peripheral vascular disease
  • Aneurysms
  • Heart failure
  • Renal failure
  • hemorrhages
  • Decrease arterial density
  • Malignant hypertension
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7
Q

What is the main cause of left ventricular hypertrophy?

A

-Hypertension

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8
Q

What is malignant hypertension?

A

-Sudden increase in BP and is most common in African Americans

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9
Q

What is hyperlipidemia a risk factor for?

A

-Many atherosclerotic diseases

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10
Q

What are secondary cause for hyperlipidemia?

A
  • Diabetes especially type 2
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Poor diet
  • Obesity
  • Heavy alcohol use
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11
Q

What is the main type of hyperlipidemia?

A

-Hypercholesterolemia

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12
Q

What causes familial hypercholesterolemia?

A

-Interaction of genetic and environmental factors

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13
Q

What percent of use adults have hypercholesterolemia more than 200mg/dL

A

50%

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14
Q

What does HDL deliver lipids to?

A

-Periphery to liver

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15
Q

What does LDL deliver lipids to?

A

-Liver to periphery

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16
Q

What does VLDL do?

A

-Deliver lipids from liver to periphery

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17
Q

What are the major core lipids in VLDL and chylomicrons?

A

-Triglycerides

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18
Q

What are the major core lipids in HDL or LDL?

A

-Cholesteryl ester

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19
Q

Where do chylomicrons deliver lipids to and from?

A

-From gut to the liver

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20
Q

What does reverse cholesterol transport?

A

-HDL

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21
Q

What do lipids induce?

A

-Atherosclerosis

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22
Q

What does atherogenic mean?

A

-From liver

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23
Q

What does anti-atherogenic mean?

A

-Back to the liver

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24
Q

If a person has higher HDL what are they less likely to have?

A

-Atherosclerosis

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25
Q

What should you total cholesterol be under?

A

-200 mg/dL

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26
Q

What do you want to keep your LDL under if you are high risk?

A

-70 mg/dL

27
Q

What is a good HDL?

A

80 mg/dL

28
Q

What is the goal of triglycerides that you should have?

A

less than 150 mg/dL

29
Q

What is the leading cause of death?

A

-Atherosclerosis (causes 80% of heart diseases)

30
Q

What is the main cause of a stroke?

A

-Atherosclerosis

31
Q

What is the hardening of arteries?

A

-Arteriosclerosis

32
Q

What is the lipid deposits/plaques called atheromas in the arteries known as?

A

-Atherosclerosis

33
Q

What will a pt with an atherosclerotic coronary artery feel like when exerting themselves?

A

-Angina

34
Q

What does an abrupt stenosis cause?

A

-Thrombus/embolus

35
Q

What does a slow stenosis cause?

A

-Stable Angina

36
Q

What are the most common sites of atherosclerosis?

A
  • Aorta
  • Coronary arteries
  • Legs
  • Carotids/circle of Willis
  • Kidney
  • pulmonary
37
Q

What causes an MI?

A

-A thrombus in the coronary artery

38
Q

What are risk factors for atherosclerosis?

A
  • Smoking
  • Hypertension
  • Diabetes
  • Nephrosclerosis
  • Post menopause
39
Q

What does smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and inflammation do in the sequence of developing atherosclerosis?

A

-Endothelial dysfunction

40
Q

Once you have endothelial dysfunction what is the next step in the sequence of developing atherosclerosis?

A

-Lipids deposit in vessel wall intima

41
Q

Have lipids deposit in the vessel wall intima what is the next step in the sequence of developing atherosclerosis?

A

-Inflammation

42
Q

What can inflammation do in developing atherosclerosis?

A

-Cause fibrosis in the smooth muscle or a plaque rupture

43
Q

Stenosis impedes blood flow at what percent of blockage?

A

75%

44
Q

What is the most dangerous type of stenosis?

A

-Abrupt stenosis

45
Q

What causes most infarcts?

A

Ruptures that lead to a throbmus or embolism

46
Q

What is the most common site for atherosclerosis?

A

-Aorta

47
Q

What can atherosclerosis in the iliac, femoral or popliteal arteries cause?

A

-Claudications leading to necrosis/gangreneWhat

48
Q

What can atherosclerosis in the kidney cause?

A

-Hypertension and maybe renal failure

49
Q

What can damage to the media in the aorta cause?

A

-Aneurysm (enlargement of the artery/weakened)

50
Q

What is the most common cause of strokes?

A
  • Cerebral infarct (most common)

- Hemorrhagic

51
Q

What does smoking do in the risk for atherosclerosis?

A
  • Endothelial injury
  • Increase coagulation
  • Free radicals
52
Q

What does dyslipidemia do in the cause atherosclerosis?

A

-Promotes lipid deposition in vessels

53
Q

What does hypertension do in the cause atherosclerosis?

A

-Endothelial damage

54
Q

What age increases your risk for atherosclerosis?

A
  • > 45 males

- >55 females

55
Q

What lifestyle factors increase your risk for atherosclerosis?

A
  • Obesity
  • Inactivity
  • Poor diet
56
Q

Where do you see numbness/paralysis from a stroke?

A

-Contralateral side

57
Q

What are the causes of ischemic heart disease?

A
  • Coronary artery stenosis

- Atheroma types

58
Q

What is Angina pectoris?

A

-Paroxysmal attacks of chest pain in the substernal or precordial areas

59
Q

What causes Angina pectoris?

A

-Myocardial ischemia

60
Q

What causes Stable angina?

A

-Exertion

61
Q

When does variant Angina occur?

A

-Typically at rest

62
Q

What is unstable angina?

A

-New or worsening angina with prolonged pain or pain at rest

63
Q

What type of angina has an ST elevation?

A

-Variant Angina

64
Q

What are myocardial infarct symptoms?

A
  • Retrosternal chest pain
  • Dyspnea
  • Diaphoresis
  • nausea/vomiting
  • palpitations
  • anxiety

Human disease and therapeutics 2020 (60 decks)

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