Test #3 Cancer therapeutics Flashcards
1/3 of cancer patients are cured with what type of treatment?
-Local (surgery, radiotherapy)
What is chemotherapy used for?
-Advanced disease or as an adjuvant
When do anticancer drugs usually exert their action?
-On cells during cell cycle
T/F Usually a single drug at clinically tolerable doses can cure the cancer by itself
False
-Typically requires a combination of drugs or in combination with radiation and/or surgery
What do you use for localized disease where surgery/radiation alone are inadequate?
-Chemotherapy as a neoadjuvant
What do you use in addition to local methods such as radiation/surgery to prevent metastasis?
-Chemotherapy as an adjuvant
What do you try to optimize when using drug combinations?
- Efficacy
- Reduced toxicity
- Optimum scheduling
- Mechanism of interaction
- Optimal dosing
What does p53 do? what happens if P53 is mutated?
- Senses sick or abnormal DNA and regulates apoptosis
- If p53 is mutated, it can lead to resistance to radiation therapy and anticancer agents
What is BRCA 1-2 related to?
Breast and ovary carcinomas
T/F Acquired resistance often develops with continual exposure to a given anticancer agent
True
What is an alkylating agent used to treat cancer?
-Cyclophosphamide
What cancers do you use Cyclophosphamide (alkylating agents) to treat?
- Hodgkins and non-Hodgkins lymphoma
- Leukemia
- Breast cancer
- Multiple Myeloma
What do cyclophosphamides do?
Transfer their alkyl groups to various cell constituents such as DNA
What is primary induction?
-Where chemotherapy is the only treatment for the cancer and is usually with advanced diseases
When treating with cyclophosphamides what is the most common mechanism for cell death?
-Alkylations of DNA
What are the adverse effects of Cyclophosphamide?
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Damage to rapidly growing tissues (bone marrow, GI tract, oral mucosa)
- Carcinogenic in nature
What are some Nitrosoureas used to treat cancer?
- Procarbazine
- Decarbazine
What are Procarbazine and Decarbazine together used for?
-Combination regimens for Hodgkins lymphoma
What type of cancer is just Decarbazine used for?
- Melanomas
- Lymphomas
- Soft tissue sarcomas
What type of cancer treating drug is Highly lipophilic and used to treat brain tumors?
-Nitrosoureas (Procarbazine and Decarbazine)
What is a Platinum analog drug used to treat cancers?
-Cisplatin
What is Cisplatin used on?
-Broad range of solid tumors
What are some antimetabolite drugs used to treat cancers/tumors?
- Methyltrexate
- 5-Fluorouractil
What do antimetabolites do to treat cancers?
-Act on intermediary metabolism of proliferating cells
What antimetabolite drug is a folic acid analog?
-Methyltrexate
Besides cancers what is methyltrexate are used to treat?
-Rheumatoid arthritis
What does methyltrexate interfere with?
- Interferes with formation for DNA and key proteins that inhibits tetrahydrofolate
- Binds with high affinity to Dihydrofolate reductase
What cancers does methyltrexate work on?
- Head and neck cancers
- Breast cancer
What are the side effects of Methyltrexate?
- Mucositis
- Diarrhea
What does 5-fluorouracil do?
-Inhibits thymidine synthesis
What cancers does 5-fluorouracil treat?
- Head, neck and GI cancers
- Basal cell carcinoma
What are some natural product cancer, chemotherapy drugs?
- Vinblastine (Periwinkle)
- Vincristine (Vinca Alkaloids)
What does Vinblastine or vincristine inhibit?
-Tubulin polymerization
What does tubulin polymerization deal with?
-Cytoskeleton component
If you inhibit tubulin polymerization what happens to the cell?
-Cell division is halted and cell dies
What are the side effects of Vinblastine or vincristine?
- Mucositis
- Alopecia
What is a semisynthetic drug made from the mandrake plant?
-Etoposide
What do you use to treat Acute lymphoblastic leukemia?
-Vincristine
What does Etoposide do?
-Inhibit topoisomerase II
What are some antitumor antibiotic drugs?
-Anthracyclines (Doxorubicin and Bleomycin)
What do doxorubicin and bleomycin treat?
- Breast cancer
- Hodgkins lymphoma
What type of antibiotics are antitumor drugs?
-Anthracyclines
What is Erlotineb?
- Drug used to treat cancers
- Antagonize epidermal growth factor receptors
What is another name for Imatinib?
-Gleevac
What is Imatinib effect against? How does it work?
- Chronic myelogenous leukemia
- Blocks a form of tyrosine kinase enzyme
What is the most common leukemia in adults?
-Acute myeloid leukemia
What drugs do you use to treat Hodgkins lymphoma?
ABVD
- Doxorubicin
- Bleomygin
- Vinclastin
- Vincristine (vinca alkaloids)
tumor resistance to cyclophosphamides (alkylating agents) can be caused by ___
increased ability of the cancer cells to repair damaged DNA
T or F: hodgkin’s lymphoma is much better controlled today
true
the treatment of breast cancer is much more effective today due to ___
early treatments
prostate cancer affects 1 in ___ men
8
what is the treatment of prostate cancer?
eliminate testosterone production through surgery castration
