Test #3 Eye and ear Flashcards
What is a Sty?
-Skin infection like a pimple
What are some cancers associated with the eye and ear?
- Basal cell
- Squamous cell carcinoma (Destroy lashes)
What is Glaucoma?
-High intraocular pressure in anterior chamber
T/F Glaucoma can damage the optic nerve and cause blindness
True
What causes Glaucoma?
-Increased pressure within eye due to increased production or decreased outflow of aqueous humor
How often is aqueous humor replaced?
-Every 2 hrs
What is closed-angle glaucoma?
-Iris fused to cornea
What are the symptoms/signs of closed-angle glaucoma?
- Painful
- Fast developing
- Requires immediate attention to avoid blindness
What is open angle glaucoma?
-Wide space between iris and cornea
What are the risk factors for open angle glaucoma?
- Age
- African American
- Diabetes
- Hypertension
What is the most common form of glaucoma?
-Open angle glaucoma
What are signs/symptoms of open angle glaucoma?
- Reduction in drainage
- Slow developing
What does tonometry measure?
-Intraocular pressure
What drugs do you use to treat glaucoma?
- Pilocarpine
- Timolol
- Lantanoprost
- Epinephrine
- Acetazolamide
What do anticholinergics and stimulants like amphetamines do to glaucoma?
-Worsen glaucoma
What does Pilocarpine do to treat glaucoma?
- Cholinomimemetic
- Contract ciliary muscle and increases outflow of aqueous humor
What does Timolol do to treat glaucoma?
- Beta blocker
- Decreases aqueous humor secretion
What does Lantanoprost do to treat glaucoma?
- Prostaglandin
- Increase outflow of aqueous humor
What is the #1 and #2 causes of blindness?
- 1) Cataracts
- 2) Glaucoma
T/F Glaucoma causes progressive reduction of peripheral vision
True
What are Cataracts?
-Opaque lens due to age
What causes cataracts?
- UV exposure
- Diabetes
- Steroid use
- Trauma
What is background diabetic retinopathy?
- Micro-aneurisms on retina
- Leaves lipid-rich yellow exudate
What does background diabetic retinopathy look like?
-Cotton wool spots from ischemia
What other disease looks like diabetic retinopathy?
-Hypertensive retinopathy
With age related macular degeneration what percent of patients older than 80 have it?
-Greater than 10%
What is age-related macular degeneration associated with?
- Gene polymorphisms
- Smoking
- CVS disease
With age-related macular degeneration what type of vision loss occurs?
-Central vision which widens laterally
Does the progress of age-related macular degeneration occur faster in wet or dry?
-Wet
Hemorrhage and fluid present behind the retina is wet or dry macular degeneration
Wet
Pharmacological options are minimal for macular degeneration, but there is some evidence that what might work?
- Antioxidants
- Vit C
- Zinc oxide
What usually causes retinal detachment?
-Trauma
What is the most common tumor in children found in the eye?
-Retinoblastoma
What disease has excess of endolymphatic fluid in the inner ear?
-Meniere disease
What are the symptoms of Meniere disease?
- Vertigo
- Hearing loss
- Nausea
- Sometimes migrane headaches
- Swimming feeling
- Tinnitus
- they can last minutes or days, are often unilateral, and hearing loss is progressive
What are risks for Meniere disease?
- Abnormal immune response
- Allergies
- Head trauma
- Migraines
- Improper drainage
What drugs do you use to treat Meniere disease?
- Meclizine
- Diazepam
- Promethazine
- Long acting steroids
- Hydrochlorothiazide
What are the symptoms of Otitis media?
- Pain
- Ear discharge
- Headache
- hearing loss
- tinnitus
- Vertigo
- Immobile bulging eardrum
What drugs are used to treat acute otitis media?
- Amoxicillin
- Amoxicillin + clavulanate
- Ceftriaxone (rocephin, 3rd generation cephalosporin)
___ is the result of UV-damaged collagen in the sclera, causing discoloration
pinguecula
glaucoma occurs when intraocular pressure reaches >___mmHg
> 21mmHg
the angle of the iris to the cornea in closed-angle glaucoma is
<10 degrees
the angle of the iris to the cornea in open-angle glaucoma is about ___ degrees
45 degrees
how does epinephrine treat glaucoma?
- alpha agonist
- increases outflow of aqueous humor
- decreases aqueous humor secretion
how does acetazolamide treat glaucoma?
- carbonic ahydrase inhibitor (diuretic)
- decreases aqueous humor secretion
what eye condition can result in blindness due to new microvascularization, and can be treated using laser treatment to stop bleeding and eliminate small vessels?
diabetic retinopathy (micro-aneurisms on retina)
what type of age-related macular degeneration makes up the large majority of cases, and consists of cellular debris that builds up around the macula of the retina?
dry
___ is a risk factor for age-related macular degeneration
smoking
what is meclizine used for?
- aka antivert
- treatment of meniere disease
- H1 blocker, anticholinergic, CNS depressant, anti-motion sickness medication
- causes xerostomia
what is diazepam used for?
- treatment of meniere disease
- anxiolytic
what is promethazine used for?
- treatment of meniere disease
- H1 blocker, anticholinergic, antinausea and motion sickness
- causes xerostomia
what is dexamethazone used for?
- long-acting steroid
- treatment of meniere disease
what is hydrochlorothiazide used for?
- treatment of meniere disease
- diuretic - regulates fluid volume and pressure in inner ear
what are the 2 types of otitis media?
- acute
- chronic with effusion
what is the cause of acute otitis media?
infection usually caused by strep pneumonia
what is chronic with effusion otitis media caused by?
- typically not associated with infection
- ear drum is inflamed - fluid and bubbles can get trapped in the middle ear
what is the treatment for chronic with effusion otitis media?
drain if necessary
