Test #3 Eye and ear

Question 1

What is a Sty?

Answer 1

-Skin infection like a pimple

Question 2

What are some cancers associated with the eye and ear?

Answer 2

• Basal cell

- Squamous cell carcinoma (Destroy lashes)

Question 3

What is Glaucoma?

Answer 3

-High intraocular pressure in anterior chamber

Question 4

T/F Glaucoma can damage the optic nerve and cause blindness

Answer 4

True

Question 5

What causes Glaucoma?

Answer 5

-Increased pressure within eye due to increased production or decreased outflow of aqueous humor

Question 6

How often is aqueous humor replaced?

Answer 6

-Every 2 hrs

Question 7

What is closed-angle glaucoma?

Answer 7

-Iris fused to cornea

Question 8

What are the symptoms/signs of closed-angle glaucoma?

Answer 8

• Painful
• Fast developing
• Requires immediate attention to avoid blindness

Question 9

What is open angle glaucoma?

Answer 9

-Wide space between iris and cornea

Question 10

What are the risk factors for open angle glaucoma?

Answer 10

• Age
• African American
• Diabetes
• Hypertension

Question 11

What is the most common form of glaucoma?

Answer 11

-Open angle glaucoma

Question 12

What are signs/symptoms of open angle glaucoma?

Answer 12

• Reduction in drainage

- Slow developing

Question 13

What does tonometry measure?

Answer 13

-Intraocular pressure

Question 14

What drugs do you use to treat glaucoma?

Answer 14

• Pilocarpine
• Timolol
• Lantanoprost
• Epinephrine
• Acetazolamide

Question 15

What do anticholinergics and stimulants like amphetamines do to glaucoma?

Answer 15

-Worsen glaucoma

Question 16

What does Pilocarpine do to treat glaucoma?

Answer 16

• Cholinomimemetic

- Contract ciliary muscle and increases outflow of aqueous humor

Question 17

What does Timolol do to treat glaucoma?

Answer 17

• Beta blocker

- Decreases aqueous humor secretion

Question 18

What does Lantanoprost do to treat glaucoma?

Answer 18

• Prostaglandin

- Increase outflow of aqueous humor

Question 19

What is the #1 and #2 causes of blindness?

Answer 19

• 1) Cataracts

- 2) Glaucoma

Question 20

T/F Glaucoma causes progressive reduction of peripheral vision

Answer 20

True

Question 21

What are Cataracts?

Answer 21

-Opaque lens due to age

Question 22

What causes cataracts?

Answer 22

• UV exposure
• Diabetes
• Steroid use
• Trauma

Question 23

What is background diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 23

• Micro-aneurisms on retina

- Leaves lipid-rich yellow exudate

Question 24

What does background diabetic retinopathy look like?

Answer 24

-Cotton wool spots from ischemia

Question 25

What other disease looks like diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 25

-Hypertensive retinopathy

Question 26

With age related macular degeneration what percent of patients older than 80 have it?

Answer 26

-Greater than 10%

Question 27

What is age-related macular degeneration associated with?

Answer 27

- Gene polymorphisms - Smoking - CVS disease

Question 28

With age-related macular degeneration what type of vision loss occurs?

Answer 28

-Central vision which widens laterally

Question 29

Does the progress of age-related macular degeneration occur faster in wet or dry?

Answer 29

-Wet

Question 30

Hemorrhage and fluid present behind the retina is wet or dry macular degeneration

Answer 30

Wet

Question 31

Pharmacological options are minimal for macular degeneration, but there is some evidence that what might work?

Answer 31

- Antioxidants - Vit C - Zinc oxide

Question 32

What usually causes retinal detachment?

Answer 32

-Trauma

Question 33

What is the most common tumor in children found in the eye?

Answer 33

-Retinoblastoma

Question 34

What disease has excess of endolymphatic fluid in the inner ear?

Answer 34

-Meniere disease

Question 35

What are the symptoms of Meniere disease?

Answer 35

- Vertigo - Hearing loss - Nausea - Sometimes migrane headaches - Swimming feeling - Tinnitus - they can last minutes or days, are often unilateral, and hearing loss is progressive

Question 36

What are risks for Meniere disease?

Answer 36

- Abnormal immune response - Allergies - Head trauma - Migraines - Improper drainage

Question 37

What drugs do you use to treat Meniere disease?

Answer 37

- Meclizine - Diazepam - Promethazine - Long acting steroids - Hydrochlorothiazide

Question 38

What are the symptoms of Otitis media?

Answer 38

- Pain - Ear discharge - Headache - hearing loss - tinnitus - Vertigo - Immobile bulging eardrum

Question 39

What drugs are used to treat acute otitis media?

Answer 39

- Amoxicillin - Amoxicillin + clavulanate - Ceftriaxone (rocephin, 3rd generation cephalosporin)

Question 40

___ is the result of UV-damaged collagen in the sclera, causing discoloration

Answer 40

pinguecula

Question 41

glaucoma occurs when intraocular pressure reaches >___mmHg

Answer 41

>21mmHg

Question 42

the angle of the iris to the cornea in closed-angle glaucoma is

Answer 42

<10 degrees

Question 43

the angle of the iris to the cornea in open-angle glaucoma is about ___ degrees

Answer 43

45 degrees

Question 44

how does epinephrine treat glaucoma?

Answer 44

- alpha agonist - increases outflow of aqueous humor - decreases aqueous humor secretion

Question 45

how does acetazolamide treat glaucoma?

Answer 45

- carbonic ahydrase inhibitor (diuretic) | - decreases aqueous humor secretion

Question 46

what eye condition can result in blindness due to new microvascularization, and can be treated using laser treatment to stop bleeding and eliminate small vessels?

Answer 46

diabetic retinopathy (micro-aneurisms on retina)

Question 47

what type of age-related macular degeneration makes up the large majority of cases, and consists of cellular debris that builds up around the macula of the retina?

Answer 47

dry

Question 48

___ is a risk factor for age-related macular degeneration

Answer 48

smoking

Question 49

what is meclizine used for?

Answer 49

- aka antivert - treatment of meniere disease - H1 blocker, anticholinergic, CNS depressant, anti-motion sickness medication - causes xerostomia

Question 50

what is diazepam used for?

Answer 50

- treatment of meniere disease | - anxiolytic

Question 51

what is promethazine used for?

Answer 51

- treatment of meniere disease - H1 blocker, anticholinergic, antinausea and motion sickness - causes xerostomia

Question 52

what is dexamethazone used for?

Answer 52

- long-acting steroid | - treatment of meniere disease

Question 53

what is hydrochlorothiazide used for?

Answer 53

- treatment of meniere disease | - diuretic - regulates fluid volume and pressure in inner ear

Question 54

what are the 2 types of otitis media?

Answer 54

- acute | - chronic with effusion

Question 55

what is the cause of acute otitis media?

Answer 55

infection usually caused by strep pneumonia

Question 56

what is chronic with effusion otitis media caused by?

Answer 56

- typically not associated with infection | - ear drum is inflamed - fluid and bubbles can get trapped in the middle ear

Question 57

what is the treatment for chronic with effusion otitis media?

Answer 57

drain if necessary