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Structure and Function Test 1 > Terminology and Joint/Muscle Action > Flashcards

Terminology and Joint/Muscle Action Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major sign of a proximal nerve injury?

-Patient can’t curl first two fingers and thumb when they make fist

A

Hand of Benediction

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2
Q

Term that includes the name of the discoverer

A

Eponym

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3
Q

Where two tubes come together

A

Anastosome

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4
Q

What is the eponym for Cerebral Arterial Circle?

A

Circle of Willis

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5
Q

What is the eponym for the rectouterine pouch?

A

Pouch of Douglas

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6
Q

What is the eponym for a pancreaticoduodenectomy?

A

Whipple Procedure

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7
Q

Any plane parallel to the sagittal (median) plane

A

Parasagittal plane

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8
Q

Will not cure you, but will hopefully increase your quality of life

A

Palliative care

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9
Q

Nearer to the trunk or point of origin

A

Proximal

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10
Q

Further from the trunk or point of origin

A

Distal

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11
Q

When talking about limbs, we don’t use superior and inferior, we use

A

Proximal and Distal

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12
Q

When we are referring to blood vessels or describing surgery or dissection, we use

A

Superficial and Deep

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13
Q

A bending movement that decreases the angle between a segment and it’s proximal segment

A

Flexion

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14
Q

A straightening movement that increases the angle between a segment and it’s proximal segment

A

Extension

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15
Q

Prefixes meaning no, or without

A

A-, An-, De

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16
Q

Prefixes meaning against, or opposite

A

Anti-, Contra-

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17
Q

Prefix meaning two

A

Bi-

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18
Q

Prefixes meaning out, or on outside

A

Ecto-, Ex-, Exo-, Extra-

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19
Q

Prefixes meaning within

A

Endo-, Intra-, Intro-

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20
Q

Prefix meaning upon

A

Epi-

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21
Q

Prefix meaning Half

A

Hemi-

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22
Q

Shorten (pull), they do not lengthen (push)

A

Muscles

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23
Q

A muscle cell is stimulated by a

A

Motor Neuron

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24
Q

Muscle cell contraction is referred to as being

A

All or none

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25
Q

A muscle cell is called a

A

Myocyte

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26
Q

A muscle functions by

A

Contracting (i.e. shortening)

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27
Q

A motor neuron and all muscle cells innervated byit

A

Motor Unit

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28
Q

The motor neuron is also referred to as being all or none, i.e., either

A

The neuron depolarizes or it doesn’t

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29
Q

Muscle cells contract to their full capacity when the

A

Neuron depolarizes

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30
Q

There are multiple motor units in a muscle cell, but each muscle cell is innervated by only one

A

Motor neuron

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31
Q

If muscle cells function “all or none” and motor units function “all or none,” then how do we achieve gradation of function?

A

Recruitment of additional motor units

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32
Q

In the sagittal plane, movement in the anterior direction is

A

Flexion

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33
Q

If we want to double the force that the biceps are exerting, than we must double the

A

Motor unit count

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34
Q

Muscles designed for large gross movements have a large number of muscle cells per

A

Motor unit (>500)

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35
Q

Muscles designed for large gross movements are not good for

-ex: muscles of shoulder and hip girdles

A

Fine control

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36
Q

Muscles designed for small fine movements have a small number of muscle cells per

A

Motor unit (less than 20)

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37
Q

Muscles designed for small fine movements are good for

-ex: Intrinsic hand muscles and extraoccular muscles

A

Fine control

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38
Q

What are three things that muscle contraction can do?

A
  1. ) Cause movement (concentric contraction)
  2. ) Prevent movement (isometric contraction)
  3. ) Control movement (eccentric contraction)
39
Q

The muscle shortens during

A

Concentric contraction

40
Q

The muscle length remains constant during

-often resisting gravity

A

Isometric contraction

41
Q

The muscle lengthens during

-often resisting gravity

A

Eccentric contraction

42
Q

Muscles are named by

A
  1. ) Shape
  2. ) Attachments
  3. ) Function
  4. ) Combinations
43
Q

What are the three types of joints?

A
  1. ) Fibrous joint
  2. ) Cartilaginous joint
  3. ) Synovial joint
44
Q

Very limited or no movement

-Joint where fibrous connective tissue connects bones

A

Fibrous Joints

45
Q

Somewhat more mobile than fibrous joints

-cartilage is interposed between the two bones and the bones are connected by fibrous tissue

A

Cartilaginous joints

46
Q

The most movable joint

-contains a synovial cavity

A

Synovial Joint

47
Q

Surrounds the joint in a synovial joint

A

Fibrous joint capsule

48
Q

Covers the inner surface of fibrous capsule and the intraarticular portion of the bone, but not the cartilage

A

Synovial membrane

49
Q

Covers the articular surfaces of a synovial joint

A

Cartilage (usually hyaline)

50
Q

Secretes synovial fluid into the synovial cavity

A

Synovial membrane

51
Q

A viscous fluid, high in hyaluronic acid, which serves as a lubricant and carries nutrients and oxygen to the cartilage

A

Synovial fluid

52
Q

What are two examples of fibrous joints?

A

Sutures of skull and teeth

53
Q

What are two examples of cartilaginous joints?

A

Symphis pubis and invertebral disk

54
Q

What are some examples of synovial joints?

A

Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint, hip joint, and elbow joint

55
Q

Errosion of the articular cartilage in a synovial joint is characteristic of

A

Osteoarthritis (degenerative arthritis)

56
Q

Inflammation of the synovium and surrounding connective tissue is characteristic of

A

Rheumoid arthritis (inflammatory arthritis)

57
Q

The functional unit in muscle is the

A

Motor unit

58
Q

Individual skeletal fibers are incapable of

A

Partial contraction

59
Q

Muscles for fine movement have smaller numbers of muscle fibers per

A

Motor unit

60
Q

Because skeletal muscle fibers fatigue very quickly, the maintenance of a sustained muscle contraction is accomplished by

A

Asynchronus “firing” of motor units

61
Q

A muscle can cause motion at a joint only if it

A

Crosses the joint

62
Q

In all cases, muscles have attachments on different bones with at least one joint between those

A

Bones

63
Q

The origin and insertion of a muscle is never located on the

A

Same bone

64
Q

Muscle action at a joint is generally the result of

A

Rotational force (torque)

65
Q

What are the three types of movement that occur around different axes?

A
  1. ) Flexion and extension
  2. ) Abduction and adduction
  3. ) Internal and external rotation
66
Q

How are the axes for flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and internal/external rotation oriented relative to eachother?

A

All are perpendicular to one another

67
Q

What is the torque (τ) of a muscle?

A

τ= F d Sinθ

68
Q

May cause more than one movement because they may have vectors that cross more than one axis

A

Muscles

69
Q

Can flex, adduct, and internally rotate at the shoulder because it has vectors that cross all three axes

A

Perctoralis major

70
Q

Causes flexion at the shoulder and flexion at the elbow because it has vectors that cross the flexion/extension axes for each joint

A

Biceps Brachii

71
Q

Sometimes, instead of a rotational movement, a muscle will cause a

A

Translational movement

72
Q

At a joint, a muscle that causes extension can also resist

A

Flexion caused by gravity

73
Q

This “anti-gravity” function of muscles is particularly important in the “postural” muscles that allow us to maintain the

A

Erect posture

74
Q

Can extend the vertebral column and are very active while flexing the vertebral column

-very active while the vertebral column is being flexed as well

A

Erector Spinae Muscles

75
Q

Resist the force of gravity which tries to further flex the spine

A

Erector Spinae muscles

76
Q

When squatting, the quadriceps femoris muscles in the front of the thigh, which can cause extension of the knee, are used to prevent

A

Flexion of the knee due to gravity

77
Q

Important tests when a patient has a weakness in a particular movement that may be caused by more than one muscle

A

Differential muscle tests

78
Q

An effective supinator when the elbow is 90 degrees but not when it is at 180 degrees

A

Biceps Brachii

79
Q

A muscle that assists another muscle in its primary function

A

Synergist

80
Q

Can perform the same function as another muscle, or can stabilize another joint in order to allow the primary muscle to perform its function

A

Synergist

81
Q

Synergists for the digital flexors because they stabilize the wrist and prevent the digital flexors from flexing the wrist instead of flexing the digits

A

Wrist extensors

82
Q

A muscle that performs a function that is the opposite of the funtion of the primary muscle

A

Antagonist

83
Q

To fully and accurately describe the action of a muscle, one should state the

A
  1. ) Action of a muscle
  2. ) Which body part is moved
  3. ) Which joint the movement occurs at
84
Q

The fixed end of muscle is called the

A

Origin

85
Q

The movable end of muscle is called the

A

Insertion

86
Q

Movement in the sagittal plane about the transverse axis

A

Flexion/extension

87
Q

Movement in the transverse plan about the longitudinal axis

A

Medial/lateral rotation

88
Q

Movement in the coronal plane about an anteroposterior axis

A

Adduction/Abduction

89
Q

Loose connective tissue comprised of irregularly woven collagen fibers interspersed w/ varying numbers of fat cells

A

Superficial Fascia

90
Q

It functions to attach the dermis to the deep fascia covering muscles, as padding material to fill out the body’s contours and to conserve heat.

A

Superficial Fascia

91
Q

Dense connective tissue comprised of irregularly woven, tightly packed collagen fibers

A

Deep Fascia

92
Q

Deep Fascia that surrounds the skeletal muscle

A

Epimysium

93
Q

Deep Fascia that surrounds nerves

A

Epineruim

94
Q

Deep Fascia that surrounds bones

A

Periosteum

Structure and Function Test 1 (61 decks)

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