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Structure and Function Test 1 > Abdomen Lecture Notes Pt. 5 > Flashcards

Abdomen Lecture Notes Pt. 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Where can we hear a tricuspid stenosis?

A

Left 5th intercostal space at sternal border

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2
Q

Where can we hear aortic stenosis?

A

Right second intercostal space at sternal border

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3
Q

Where can we hear aortic regurgitation?

A

Left 5th intercostal space at midclavicular line

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4
Q

Where can we hear pulmonic stenosis?

A

Left 2nd intercostal space at sternal border

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5
Q

Where can we hear pulmonary regurgitation?

A

Left 5th intercostal space at sternal border

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6
Q

Where can we hear mitral valve stenosis?

A

Left 5th intercostal space at midclavicular line

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7
Q

Where can we hear mitral valve regurgitation

A

Left axilla

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8
Q

Separates rough and smoothed walled parts of RIGHT atrium on anterior wall

A

Crista terminalis

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9
Q

The back wall of the right atrium is the

A

Atrial septum

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10
Q

The atrial septum contains the

-Oval shaped depression

A

Fossa ovalis

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11
Q

Contains the body of the tricuspid

A

Right ventricle

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12
Q

The smooth walled portion of the right ventricle is called the

A

Infundibulum

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13
Q

Attach AV valves to papillary muscle, but DO NOT pull valves open. Rather, they are involved in closure of the valves

A

Chordae tendinea

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14
Q

The septomarginal trabeculae plays an important role in conduction of the heart. It is located in the

A

Right ventricle

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15
Q

Each AV valve cusp is attached to more than one papillary muscle, and each papillary muscle is attached to more than one cusp. This helps maintain

A

Proper geometry of cusp

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16
Q

Opposite from the rest of our bodies, blood flows into the coronary arteries during

A

Diastole

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17
Q

Blood is pushed into the coronary arteries by way of the

A

Aortic recoil

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18
Q

When your posterior interventricular artery is a branch of the right coronary artery you are called

A

Right dominant (80% of population)

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19
Q

If you are ‘Left dominant” than you do not have an anastomosis between the

A

Left and right coronary arteries (because LAD and RPD both come from left coronary)

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20
Q

Visceral and parietal pleura are continuous at the

A

Hilum of the lungs

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21
Q

Continous where the 8 vessels of the heart enter the heart

A

Visceral and parietal pericardium

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22
Q

Bound by the pulmonary veins and inferior vena cava

-accessible by placing hand behind heart

A

Oblique sinus

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23
Q

Superficial to the SVC but then deep to the aorta and pulmonary trunk

A

Transverse sinus

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24
Q

Whenever one cardiac muscle cell depolarizes,

A

All cardiac muscle cells depolarize

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25
Q

Group of specialized cardiac muscle cells that depolarize faster than the rest of the heart

-acts as the pacemaker

A

SA node

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26
Q

Separates atrial muscle cells from ventricular muscle cells so that they do not communicate

-Layer of dense collagenous connective tissue

A

Fibrous skeleton

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27
Q

Bundle of muscle cells from atrial septum to ventricular septum

-electrical conduction between atrium and ventricle

A

Atrioventricuar (AV) Bundle

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28
Q

Located in the atrial septum where it retards/slows depolarization allowing the atria to contract before the ventricles

A

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

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29
Q

Once the signal is passed from the AV node to the AV bundle, it

A

Speeds up again

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30
Q

Gives off a branch that travels through the septomarginal trabeculae and into the anterior papillary muscle

A

Right bundle branch

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31
Q

This branch allows the anterior papillary muscle to contract before the

A

Apex of the heart

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32
Q

Shows atrial depolarization

A

P-wave

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33
Q

Shows ventricular depolarization

A

QRS complex

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34
Q

What will we see in an ECG if the V node is slowing the signal down more than it should?

A

Longer P-R interval

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35
Q

The sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the heart tells the heart when to

A

Speed up or slow down

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36
Q

In sensory innervation to the heart, sympathetic fibers tell us about

37
Q

In sensory innervation to the heart, parasympathetic fibers tell us about

A

Reflex and pressure

38
Q

Clusters of mesodermal cells that become the lining of blood vessels and the cells in that lining

A

Angiogenic clusters

39
Q

Lateral angiogenic clusters get pulled ventrally to form

A

Endocardial tubes

40
Q

Medial angiogenic clusters stay dorsal and become the

A

Right and Left dorsal aorta

41
Q

The 1st aortic arch is formed by the

42
Q

Gets absorbed by the left atrium to form the smooth walled portion

A

Pulmonary vein

43
Q

Thinner than the rest of the atrial septum because it is only one septum thick

A

Fossa ovalis

44
Q

The endocardial cushions are made up of

A

Neural crest cells

45
Q

Foramen primum is NOT a hole in

-rather it is a gap between the septum primum and endocardial cushions

A

septum primum

46
Q

IS a hole in septum prium

A

Foramen secundum

47
Q

Foramen secundum opens before septum primum finishes closing. This ensures that blood can still move from

A

Right to left atrium

48
Q

Forms on right side of septum primer

-much thicker and less flexible

A

Septum secundum

49
Q

The opening that forms when the fossa ovalis bends to the right due to the higher right atrial pressure

A

Foramen ovale

50
Q

When the fossa ovalis and septum secundum don’t fuse properly

-relatively common and not dangerous under left to right pressure gradient in postnatals

A

Probe patency

51
Q

What is more common, VSD’s or ASD’s?

52
Q

Increase demand on pulmonary vessels which can lead to pulmonary hypertension

A

Septal defects

53
Q

A neural crest migration defect that is liely to be seen in neural crest syndromes

-commonly associated with valve defects

A

Primum type ASD

54
Q

8x more common and result from a continuous foramen ovale

A

Secundum type

55
Q

Make up valves, septum primum, and aorticopulmonary septum. So disorders relating to these will show up in valves, septum primum, and aorticopulmonary septum

A

Neural crest cells

56
Q

A primum type ASD is in a region near the AV valve and is unrelted to the

A

Fossa ovalis

57
Q

The ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk are equal in

58
Q

When the aorticopulmonary septum does not form

-still have pulmonary arteries and aorta, but by the time of the split the blood has already mixed

A

Persistent truncus arteriosus

59
Q

Forms 2 non-connected parallel circulation systems

-caused by lack off spiraling of aorticopulmonary septum

A

Transposition of the great arteries

60
Q

All of the blood vessels that supply the brain branch from the aortic arch BEFORE the

-so brain gets most O2 rich blood

A

Ductus arteriosis

61
Q

Why do kids not instantly die with transposition of the great arteries?

A

Because of accompanying ASD’s and VSD’s

62
Q

Closure of ductus arteriosis is due to contraction of

-contracts harder than other atrial smooth muscle

A

Ductal smooth muscle

63
Q

Is the closure of the ductus arteriosis instant?

64
Q

Prostaglandin synthesis decreases at 9 months of development. This is why preterm babies are more likely to have

A

Patent ductus arteriosis

65
Q

Narrowing of the aorta

A

Coarctation of the aorta

66
Q

What are the two types of coarctations of the aorta?

A
  1. ) Preductal

2. ) Postductal

67
Q

Coarctation of the aorta before the ductus arteriosis

68
Q

Shows symptoms in infants after the ductus arteriosis has closed because no collateral circulation develops to compensate in the womb since the ductus arteriosis is still oepn

A

Preductal Coarctation of the Aorta

69
Q

Won’t be symptomatic until adulthood because extra collateral circulation was developed prenatally to compensate

A

Postductal Coarctation of the Aorta

70
Q

Region in the thorax between the two pleural cavities

A

Mediastinum

71
Q

Does not bifurcate symmetrically

72
Q

How can we pass a catheter into the portal vein?

A

Right internal jugular –> R. brachiocephalic vein –> SVC –> IVC –> Hepatic veins

73
Q

Will stretch the vagus nerve BEFORE the recurrent laryngeal nerve comes off

A

Anyeurism of the aortic arch

74
Q

What is a symptom of Aortic arch aneurysm and left upper lung cancer

-But NOT RIGHT

A

Hoarseness of voice

75
Q

The easiest way to find the ligamentum arteriosum is to find the

A

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve

76
Q

What are the 5 contents of the posterior mediastinum

A
  1. ) Esophagus
  2. ) Esophageal plexus
  3. ) Thoracic aorta
  4. ) Azygous vein
  5. ) Thoracic duct
77
Q

Drainage for chest wall structures from right intercostall veins

A

Azygous vein

78
Q

Enlargement of the left atrium (like from mitral valve prolapse) causes

A

Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)

79
Q

Arches over the right bronchus

A

Azygous arch

80
Q

Arches over the left bronchus

A

Aortic Arch

81
Q

Passes in front of the root of the lung in the plane between the mediastinal pleura and pericardium

A

Phrenic nerve

82
Q

Are just anterior rami of spinal nerves at that level

A

Intercostal nerves

83
Q

Left side analogue to azygous vein that eventually drains into the azygous vein

A

Hemiazygous vein

84
Q

A cross sectional CT of the heart WILL NOT show any

85
Q

In a CT at the aortic arch level of the superior mediastinum, we will see

A

Branches off aortic arch

86
Q

In a CT below the aortic arch level, we will see the

A

Ascending and descending aorta

87
Q

Located right infront of the trachia

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

88
Q

The posterior surface of the lungs is the

A

Lower lobe

Structure and Function Test 1 (61 decks)

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