Lecture Notes Flashcards
Parasympathetic innervation for the head comes from CNs
III, VII, and IX
Different from the other cranial nerves because it develops as part of the CNS
-The ONLY CN affected by MS
Optic Nerve (CNII)
Depression in macula lutea with densest concentration of photoreceptor cells
Fovea
Functions to maintain the structure of the eye
Vitreous body
Changing vision from a far object to a near object
Accommodation reflex
On medial wall of the orbit separating the orbit and nasal cavity
Ethmoid air cells
The lateral side of the orbit is the
Infratemporal fossa
Located between the cornea and eyelid or between bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva
Conjunctival sac
Covers the cornea
Bulbar conjunctiva
Provides sensory innervation to the lateral face outside of the orbit
Lacrimal nerve
Which branch of the internal carotid anastamoses with the external carotid?
-Blood flow naturally goes from internal to external
Opthalmic artery
Runs along the top of the masseter
Parotid duct
Important muscle for keeping mouth pursed
-innervated by CN VII
Orbicularis Oris
Parasympathetic ganglion in the infratemporal fossa that is associated with innervation to the parotid gland
Otic ganglion
Sensory unipolar ganglion in the MCF
-No synapses occur here
Trigeminal ganglion
Lie just within the ITF superficial to the medial pterygoid but deep to the mandible
Lingual nerve and inferior alveolar nerve
The post ganglionic fibers of the two ganglion of the ITF, the otic and submandibular ganglion. travel on the
Lingual nerve and auriculotemporal nerve respectively (branches of V3)
Cell bodies for the special sensory fibers of chorda tympany are located in the
Geniculate ganglion
Lays on top of the thyrohyoid
Hypoglossal nerve
Lays below thyrohyoid
Superior laryngeal nerve
The parotid gland is innervated by
CN IX
The boundary between the MCF and PCF
-Houses the internal auditory meatus
Petrous portion of temporal bone
The upper wall of the middle ear is the
Tegman tympani
Injury affecting the inner ear, CN II, or the CNS can all produce a
Sensorineural hearing loss
Connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx
Pharyngotympanic (auditory or Eustacian) Tube
The muscle that opens the Eustacian tube is the same muscle that elevates the soft palate, which is the
Levator palati
Sits on top of pharyngotympanic tube and connects to malleus to increase tension on tympanic membrane when contracted
-decreases severity of sounds
Tensor tympani
Sits on back wall of middle ear and tendon attaches to the stapes
-More effective at reducing loudness
Stapedius
The cornea is innervated by
CN VII
Fold of mucosa overlying the palatoglossal muscle that separates the oral cavity and oropharynx
Palatoglossal arch
Always secreting to make sure mouth is moist
-protects teeth
Submandibular and sublingual glands
Contracts and secretes saliva into the mouth when we are eating and need more saliva
Parotid gland
The root of the tongue has slight taste innervation from
CN X
Important landmark for intibation to pull the epiglottis off the larynx
Epiglottic Valleculae
Passes medial to the hypoglossus
Lingual artery
Passes lateral to (on top of) the hypoglossus
Hypoglossal nerve
If we have a lesion in the left branch of CN X that affects the left levator palati muscle, which way will the uvula hang?
To the right (I.E. towards the functioning muscle)
Stretches the soft palate, helping to seal off the nasopharynx
Tensor palati
Located in the oropharynx between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
Palatine tonsils
A tonsilectomy of the palatine tonsils can cause nerve damage in the
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
The gap between the middle and inferior constrictor (gap 3) has what stretching across the front?
Thyrohyoid membrane
Two grooves on the lateral sides of the voice box that divert food and fluid to the sides of the larynx so they don’t enter the larynx
Piriform recesses
How do we seal the nasopharynx?
Lift, elevate, and tense the soft palate
Males tend to have a 90 degree thyroid cartilage angle which means a
Longer vocal cord and deeper voice
Females tend to have a 120 degree thyroid cartilage angle, which means a
Shorter vocal cord and higher pitch voice
For normal respiration, we want the vocal cords to have a
Small gap
For forced respiration, what do we do to the vocal cords?
Abduct them
The vocal cords are thinner and longer for
High notes
The vocal cords are thicker and shorter for
Low notes
The superior and middle turbinates are part of the
Ethmoid bone
Is its own bone
-Largest of the Turbinates
Inferior turbinate
What is the function of the respiratory mucosa?
Filter humidify and warm air
Cycle of mucous membrane congestion and decongestion every 2-3 hours
Nasal cycle
Acts to congest via vasodilation and increased mucous production
Parasympathetic stimulus
Acts to decongest via vasoconstriction
Sympathetic stimulus
Provides general sensation from the nasal cavity
Nasociliary nerve
What are the three types of innervation for the nasal cavity?
- ) Olfactory Nerve (CN I)
- ) Nasociliary nerve
- ) Maxillary nerve
The blood supply to the nasal cavity is from which three arteries?
- ) Nasociliary branch of opthalmic
- ) Facial artery
- ) Sphenopalatine artery
Anterior nose bleeds are more common and are from the
-Can stop bleeding by putting something between upper lip and gum
Facial artery
Located posterior to the ethmoidal air cells and nasal cavity
Sphenoidal paranasal sinus
Result of sinus pressure due to a virus
Acute sinusitus
Sinus problems due to a deviated septum or polyp
Chronic sinusitus
Surgery to remove tumor on pituitary by going through the nose and sphenoid sinus into the sella turcica
Transphenoidal Hypophesectomy
Sits in the sella turcica
-Optic chiasm sits right above it
Pituitary
Each of the 4 parasympathetic ganglion in the head and neck are attached to a
Branch of CN V
Pass through sphenopalatine foramen to innervate the nasal cavity
Nasopalatine nerves
Nerves of the pterygopalatine fossa carry sympathetic innervation from the
Face, Nasal cavity, and Palate
Nerves of the pterygopalatine fossa carry preganglionic and postganglionic parasympathetic innervation for
Lacrimation and mucous production
Is analogous to the chorda tympani in the nerve fiber types it carries
Greater petrosal nerve
Passes UNDER the Trigeminal ganglion and ABOVE the foramen lacerum and internal carotid artery
Greater petrosal nerve
Functions to produce mucus and tears
Pterygopalatine ganglion
What is the path of parasympathetic innervation to palte mucosa?
Greater petrosal –> Pterygopalatine ganglion –> Palatine nerves –> Palate
What is the path of sympathetic innervation to nasal and oral cavities?
Superior cervical ganglion –> Deep petrosal nerve –> Pass through pterygopalatine ganglion –> Nasal and oral cavities
Forms anterior cranial connective tissues like tendons, stroma, and the dentin of the teeth
Neural Crest
Runs on the dorsal end of the embryo
Neural Tube
Have a core mesoderm-mesenchym that includes mesoderm & neural crest cells
Pharyngeal arches
Which is longer, the left recurrent laryngeal nerve or the right recurrent laryngeal nerve?
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Formed by the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arches and forms the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
Hypopharyngeal eminence
The face develops from which 5 bumps?
- 1 frontonasal eminence (which forms 2 medial and 2 lateral nasal eminences)
- 2 maxillary eminences
- 2 mandibular eminences
Come together and fuse to form the midline of the nose and the philitrum of upper lip
Medial nasal prominences
The primary palate is formed from the
Frontonasal prominence
The secondary palate is formed from the
Palatine shelves of maxillary prominences
Forms as the proliferating cells of the maxillary prominences push the medial nasal prominences together in the midline to form the primary palate
Intermaxillary segment
Improper formation of medial nasal prominence
Synopthalmia (cyclops) w/ probiscusis (nose above eye)
Due to improper fusion of medial nasal prominences
-primary palate doesn’t fuse anterior to incisive foramen
Median cleft
Failure of the maxillary prominence to fuse with the lateral nasal prominence
-Nasolacrimal duct is open to the exterior
Oblique facial cleft
Incomplete fusion between the maxillary prominance and medial nasal prominence
-Incomplete fusion between primary and secondary palates
Anterior cleft deformity
-cleft lip or upper jaw
Incomplete fusion of palatine shelves
-cleft secondary palate
Posterior cleft deformity
Remains attached to the brain
Posterior pituitary
Forms olfactory epithelium for smell
Nasal placodes
Forms associated eye structures for vision
Lense placode
Forms cochlea for hearing and vestibular aparatus for balance
Otic placode
Forms distal end of trigeminal gnaglion
Trigeminal placode
Forms distal end of ganglion for CNs VII, IX, and X
Epibranchial placodes
Proximal ganglion for CNs V, VII, IX, and X form from
Neural crest
The 1st pharyngeal pouch forms the
Pharyngotympanic tube
The 2nd pharyngeal pouch forms the
Palatine tonsils
The 3rd pharyngeal pouch forms the
Inferior parathyroid glands and thymus
The 4th pharyngeal pouch forms the
Superior parathyroid glands and parafollicular cells
Forms from endodermal envagination from the foramen cecum (thyroid diverticulum)
Thyroid gland