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Structure and Function Test 1 > Introduction to Medical Ultrasound > Flashcards

Introduction to Medical Ultrasound Flashcards

1
Q

Uses safe sound waves and no radiation to allow visualization of the inside of the body

A

Ultrasound

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2
Q

Emitting sounds and listening to the returning echos to locate objects or navigate

A

Echolcation

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3
Q

A computer programmed to transform sound echos into images

A

Ultrasound machine

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4
Q

Ultrasound machine has piezoelectric crystal that vibrates to create sound waves and works in the

A

1-20 MHz range

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5
Q

Consists of a head with footprint, connector to make sound waves, and a wire

A

Ultrasound transducer

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6
Q

Must be in contact with the body mucus membrane

A

Transducer probe

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7
Q

Assists sound waves to travel through the body cleanly

A

Gel

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8
Q

Different transducers emit sound at different frequencies allowing varying degrees of

A

Sound penetration

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9
Q

Increases resolution at the expense of penetration

A

Increasing frequency

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10
Q

Have a higher frequency (10-18 MHz) and are used for musculoskeletal, soft tissue, and superficial analysis

A

Linear transducer

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11
Q

A linear transducer works well up to about

A

6 cm penetration

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12
Q

Lower frequency transducers used on the abdomen and for deeper structures

A

Curvilinear or convex transducer

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13
Q

Has better penetration than a linear transducer, but worse resolution

A

Curvilinear transducer

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14
Q

What has a wider field of view, linear or curvilinear transducers?

A

Curvilinear

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15
Q

Has a wide beam and a lower frequency. Helps to guide beams through windows such as the ribs

A

Sector (phased array) transducer

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16
Q

Sector transducers are used for

A

Cardiac stuff

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17
Q

Give a rectangular image

A

Linear transducers

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of B mode ultrasound?

A

2d spectra of shades of grey

Bright echos = more reflective tissues

No echos = not reflective (i.e. fluids)

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19
Q

Can be used to detect real time motion

A

B mode Ultrasound

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20
Q

Weak or low echo

A

Hypoechoic

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21
Q

Bright echo

A

Hyperechoic

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22
Q

No echo or blackness

A

Anechoic

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23
Q

Equal echogenicity between 2 structures

A

Isoechoic

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24
Q

Ultrasound mode where red color indicates TOWARDS transducer and blue indicates AWAY from transducer

A

Doppler ultrasound

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25
Q

Doppler ultrasound is helpful in evaluating

A

Cardiovascular structures

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26
Q

5x more sensitive than doppler and is used to evaluate tumors or tendons

A

Power doppler

27
Q

Used for low flow, and is one directional

A

Power doppler

28
Q

What four things can happen to sound waves emitted from transducer?

A
  1. ) reflection back to transducer
  2. ) refraction
  3. ) scatter
  4. ) Attenuation
29
Q

Travel further and are LESS attenuated

A

Lower frequency waves

30
Q

Used for deeper structures. Less resolution

A

Lower frequency waves

31
Q

Used for superficial structures. Better resolution

A

Higher frequency waves

32
Q

Artifacts occur because of normal physics of sound waves. One example of an artifact in ultrasound is

A

Anisotrophy

33
Q

Change in echogenicity of a structure dependent on angle of beam relative to that structure

A

Anisotrophy

34
Q

A 3-7 degree change in the probe position may drastically change the

A

Echo

35
Q

The order of anisotrophic structures is

A

Tendon > ligament > nerve

36
Q

Current resolution for ultrasound is 200-450 um. It can detect foreign bodies as small as

A

0.5 mm

37
Q

Ultrasound can even be used to detect

A

Non-radiopaque structures

38
Q

On an ultrasound machine, the gain button controls

A

Brightness

39
Q

Each musculoskeletal component (i.e. muscle, tendon, bone, cartilage, etc) has its own unique

A

Echosignature

40
Q

In the sagital plane of muscle ultrasound, hypoechoic bundles are

A

Fibers/fasicles

41
Q

In the sagital plane of muscle ultrasound, hyperechoic septae are

A

Fibroadipose and perimysium

42
Q

Gives a multipennate pattern, like leaves on a leaf

A

Sagital muscle ultrasound

43
Q

Gives an ultrasound that looks somewhat like starry night

A

Transverse muscle ultrasound

44
Q

Non-compressible, non-vascular structures that connect muscle to bone

A

Tendons

45
Q

Tightly packed and hyperechoic. Best viewed using sagital ultrasound

A

Tendon

46
Q

In a transverse ultrasound of a tendon, what type of pattern do we see?

A

Bristle pattern, like the end of a broom

47
Q

Compact packed fibrillar structure that often covers a capsule/joint to connect bone to bone

A

Ligament

48
Q

Ligaments are usually imaged in what plane?

A

Sagital

49
Q

Are ligaments vascular?

A

No

50
Q

Ligaments can be hyper- or hypoechoic depending on

A

Surrounding structures

51
Q

Gives a hyperechoic pattern with posterior shadows

A

Bone

52
Q

Hypo-anechoic structures typically located at synovial joints

-pressure sensitive

A

Bursae and Synovia

53
Q

What type of echo does hyaline cartilage give off?

A

Hypoechoic with uniform thickness

54
Q

Lines bones and is non compressible with uniform thickness

A

Hyaline cartilage

55
Q

What type of echo does fibrocartilage give?

A

Hyper/hypo echoic. Like salt and pepper

56
Q

In the sagital plane, which part of nerves show up as

  1. ) hypoechoic
  2. ) hyperechoic
A
  1. ) Fasicles

2. ) Epineurium

57
Q

In the short/transverse plane, nerves give what type of ultrasound?

A

A follicular pattern like a honeycomb

58
Q

Are round and anechoic in the transverse plane

A

Vessels

59
Q

In the longitudinal section, vessels appear as

A

Anechoic tubes

60
Q

What method of ultrasound is great for vessels?

A

Doppler

61
Q

Allows us to see the body in motion so we can correlate movements with pain and pathology of a structure

A

Dynamic Imaging

62
Q

A valuable tool for many procedures such as a central line or joint aspirations because it allows for great accuracy while decreasing much of the risk

A

Needle Visualization

63
Q

Describes how the beam loses energy as tissues absorb sound

A

Attenuation

Structure and Function Test 1 (61 decks)

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