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Structure and Function Test 1 > Histology of Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Histology of Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What do mesenchymal condensations do?

A

Generate cartilage and bone

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2
Q

Mesenchymal condensations in the embryo predict the location of the future

A

Skeletal system

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3
Q

Mesenchymal condensations can generate cartilage or bone. What determines their fate?

A

Proximity to vascularity

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4
Q

Condensations that arise in avascular parts of the embryo form

A

Cartilage

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5
Q

Condensations that arise in vascular parts of the embryo form

A

Bone

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6
Q

What is a more likely fate, that condensations form cartilage or bone?

A

Cartilage

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7
Q

Some embryonic cartilage remains cartilage, but most is transiently replaced by

A

Bone (does not become bone though)

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8
Q

Cells of condensation give rise to a type of cell that begins to make the ECM, called

A

Chondroblasts

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9
Q

Chondroblasts that get trapped in the ECM are called

A

Chondrocytes

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10
Q

Forms outer border of most cartilage

-Generates new chondroblasts around the perimeter of the forming cartilage

A

Perichondrium

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11
Q

New chondroblasts generated by perichondrium lead to appositional growth around the

A

Perimeter

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12
Q

What are the two distinct layers of the perichondrium?

A
  1. ) Fibroblastic (outermost layer)

2. ) Chondrogenic

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13
Q

Chondrocytes retain the ability to divide and generate

-bone can’t do this

A

Isogenous groups (clusters)

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14
Q

Grows from within (interstitial) and without (appositional)

A

Cartilage

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15
Q

Avascular and contains chondrocytes in lacunae

A

Cartilage

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16
Q

Cartilage is made up of which type of collagen?

A

Type II

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17
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibro

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18
Q

Hyaline cartilage is located in the

A

Nasal, laryngeal, tracheal, and articular regions

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19
Q

Articular hyaline cartilage has no

A

Perichondrium

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20
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

Ear, eustacian, and eppiglottis

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21
Q

A special feature of elastic cartilage is that it contains

A

Elastic fibers (requires a special stain)

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22
Q

Where is fibrocartilage located?

A

Symphyses, intervertebral disks, and menisci

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23
Q

Fibro cartilage is intermixxed with

A

Dense CT (no perichondrium)

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24
Q

Chondrocytes are secretory cells and are distinguished by

A

Lots of RER and prominent golgi

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25
Q

Stained with basophilic staining and is located right around the edge of chondrocytes

A

Territorial matrix

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26
Q

Acidophilic staining in the area between chondrocytes

A

Interterritorial matrix

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27
Q

Caps the bone at moveable joints

A

Articular cartilage

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28
Q

Articular cartilage is susceptible to osteoarthritis because it lacks a

-the reason it is ill equipped to initiate repair

A

Perichondrium

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29
Q

Erosion of the articular cartilage in osteoarthritis results in diminution or disappearance of the

A

Joint space of X-Ray

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30
Q

Made up of a delicate synovial inner layer and a tough fibrous outer layer

A

Joint capsule

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31
Q

Joints are discontinuous epitheliod intima with no tight junctions or a basement membrane. They are leaky and are comprised of

A

Loose CT and many vessels

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32
Q

Causes influx of immune cells into the synovium, which results in destruction of the joint

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

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33
Q

Is radiolucent, i.e. why we can’t see ears on an X-ray

A

Elastic cartilage

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34
Q

The annulus fibrosis is made up of

A

Fibrocartilage

35
Q

Fibrocartilage is made up of which type of collagen?

A

Type I

36
Q

Bone can form in two ways. Is the final product different depending on the mechanism?

A

No

37
Q

Bone formation used for bones with a complex shape where a cartilage model is laid down first and then replced by bone

A

Endochondral bone formation

38
Q

What are the two ways the bone can form?

A
  1. ) Endochondral (complex shape)

2. ) Intramembranous (flat bones)

39
Q

Some of the flat bones of the face and skull develop via the

A

Intramembranous route

40
Q

Generates osteoblasts

A

Periosteum

41
Q

Prominent in developing bone

A

Osteoblasts

42
Q

Osteoblasts trapped in the matrix become

A

Osteocytes

43
Q

The matrix of bone is primarily

A

Type I collagen

44
Q

The unmineralized bone matrix is called the

A

Osteoid

45
Q

Mineralization (CaPO4) of the osteoid yields

A

Bone

46
Q

Membranous bone enlarges only through

A

Appositional growth

47
Q

The calcified matrix of bone is less than 10% H2O so the diffusion of nutrients and waste removal is

A

Poor

48
Q

To fix this, each osteocyte sits in an unmineralized

A

Lacunae

49
Q

The lacunae are connected to neighbors and blood supply by processes and

A

Gap junctions

50
Q

Processes, nutrients, and wastes pass through tunnels in the bone matrix called

A

Canaliculi

51
Q

Has appositional and interstitial growth

A

Cartilage

52
Q

Has appositional growth only

A

Bone

53
Q

Employs a transient cartilage scaffold that is ultimately replaced by bone

A

Endochondral Bone

54
Q

Takes advantage of cartilage’s interstitial growth to creae complex shapes and lengthen bone

A

Endochondral bone formation

55
Q

Exist as a bone/cartilage hybrid from prenatal development to early adulthood

A

Most long bones

56
Q

Endochondral chondrocyte life cycles overlap, with those furthest from the resting zone being the most

A

Advanced

57
Q

Endochondral zones are maintained at the

A

Growth plate

58
Q

In endochronal bone formation, the initial bone product is

-highly cellular and disorganized

A

Poor quality (woven bone)

59
Q

Soon after the initial bone is formed, osteoblasts and osteoclasts remodel the bone, forming

A

Lamellar bone

60
Q

Has fewer osteocytes and is highly organized

A

Lamellar bone

61
Q

A multinucleate bone destroyer that plays an essential role in bone maturation, remodeling, repair, and Ca2+ balance

A

Osteoclasts

62
Q

What do osteoclasts make to

  1. ) Dissolve minerals
  2. ) Degrade collagen
A
  1. ) HCL

2. ) Cathepsin K

63
Q

The divot osteoclasts make when breaking down bone is called

A

Howships Lacunae

64
Q

Covers the hollowships lacunae

-new osteoblasts are generated and new bone is produced

A

Endosteum (analogous to periosteum)

65
Q

Spongy bone is in contact with blood supply and the trabeculae are lined with

A

Endosteum

66
Q

Compact bone has a system of channels called

A

Volkmann Canals and Haversian canals

67
Q

To remodel, osteoclasts invade compact bone and create a perpendicular tunnel called a

A

Volkmann canal

68
Q

Then, what enters into the volkmann canal?

A

Endosteum and blood vessels

69
Q

Osteoclasts then change direction and continue through the long axis of bone creating

A

Haversian Canal

70
Q

The Haversian canal is then lined with endosteum that initiates the

A

Rebuild and repair process

71
Q

Generates osteoblasts on outer aspect (bone side)

A

Endosteum

72
Q

Produce concentric layers of new bone and push the endosteum toward the center of the canal

A

Osteoblasts and osteocytes

73
Q

This process continues until the Haversian canal is nearly obliterated by

A

New bone formation

74
Q

Occupy the center of the remaining canal

A

Vessels and nerves

75
Q

New bone is populated by osteocytes in their lacunae, connected via processes through canaliculi in the matrix. The whole structure is called the

A

Osteon

76
Q

In the process of creating a new osteon, and old one is

A

Destroyed

77
Q

Remnants of an old osteon lost to the remodeling process

A

Interstitial lamellae

78
Q

Defines the outer edge of each osteon

A

Cement line

79
Q

The advantage in bone thickness you get from exercising will disappear after

A

20 years of inactivity

80
Q

Imbalance between bone reabsorption and bone production

-affects primary trabecular bone

A

Osteoporosis

81
Q

Osteoporosis is probably due to diminished osteoblast activity, but most treatments target

A

Osteoclasts

82
Q

A discontinuous epithelial intima with no tight junctions or basal membrane

-Very leaky

A

Synnovial inner layer

83
Q

What are the two layers of a joint capsule?

A
  1. ) Delicate synovial inner layer

2. ) Tough fibrous outer layer

Structure and Function Test 1 (61 decks)

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