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Structure and Function Test 1 > Lungs, Pleura, and the Mechanics of Ventilation > Flashcards

Lungs, Pleura, and the Mechanics of Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

The lungs are divided into bronchopulmonary segments (BP), how many BP are there for each lung?

A

10

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2
Q

Each BP segment is served by a

A

Segmental (tertiary) bronchus and a pulmonary artery and vein

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3
Q

Bronchopulmonary segments can also be projected to the

A

Chest wall

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4
Q

The trachea bifurcates at the level of the

A

Sternal angle (T4-T5)

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5
Q

More vertical and slightly larger in diameter

A

Right bronchus

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6
Q

The fetus is surrounded by excessive amniotic fluid. This is referred to as

A

Polyhydramnios

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7
Q

Does not allow the fetus to swallow amniotic fluid, causing polyhydramnios

A

Tracheoesophageal fistula

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8
Q

The developing lungs evaginate into the pleural cavities and become covered with

A

Pleura

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9
Q

The arrangement of the lung in the pleural cavities, the heart in the pericardial cavity, and the organs in the abdominal cavity is the

A

Same

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10
Q

The apex of the lungs is superior to the

A

Medial 1/3 of the clavicle

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11
Q

Parietal pleura turns back on itself and forms

A

Reflections

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12
Q

Some of these reflections are at very acute angles so that during quiet breathing the lungs do not enter these areas. This is called a

A

Recess

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13
Q

Since their is no lung tissue in these recesses, during quiet breathing, which two things touch?

A

Parietal pleura touch eachother

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14
Q

Boyle’s law requires a constant

A

Teperature

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15
Q

Boyles law says that at a constant temperature

A

P1V1 = P2V2

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16
Q

This pressure-volume relationship governs

A

Normal and pathologic respiratory function

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17
Q

Allows all three dimensions of the thoracic cavity to be increased

A

Muscular action

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18
Q

The most important muscle for ventilation

A

Diaphragm

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19
Q

Contraction of the diaphragm increases the superior-inferior dimensions of the

A

Thoracic cavity

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20
Q

Pivot during respiration to increase the anterior-posterior dimensions of the thoracic cavity

A

Ribs 2-6

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21
Q

During this process, the anterior ends of ribs 2-6 move

A

Up and down

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22
Q

During this process, the sternum moves

A

Anteriorly

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23
Q

This is referred to as the “pump handle” movement caused by the

A

External intercostal muscles

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24
Q

Ribs 7-10 pivt on an axis through the head of the rib and sternocostal joint to increase the

A

Transverse Dimension of the thoracic cavity

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25
Q

This is the “bucket handle” movement and is caused by contraction of the

A

Diaphragm

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26
Q

Promotes the “bucket handle” movement of the ribs by acting as a platform for the diaphragm to push against

A

Lives

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27
Q

As the liver resists further inferior displacement, ribs 7-10 are pulled

A

Laterally by the diaphragm

28
Q

At rest, the elastic recoil of the chest wall balances the elastic recoil of the

A

Lungs

29
Q

At rest, the intrapleural pressure is ALWAYS

A

Negative

30
Q

At rest, the intrapleural pressure is always negative because the lungs and chest wall are pulling in

A

Opposite directions

31
Q

At rest, Alveolar pressure is equal to

A

Atmospheric pressure

32
Q

During inspiration, force of muscular contraction exceeds elastic recoil, thus

A

The thoracic cavity enlarges

33
Q

During inspiration, the intrapleural pressure is increasingly

A

Negative

34
Q

What is the relationship between alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure during inspiration?

A

Alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure

35
Q

During inspiration, the force of diaphragm contraction exceeds the elastic recoil and resistance from

A

Abdominal organs

36
Q

During expiration, inspiratory muscles

A

Relax

37
Q

During expiration, what happens to the elastic recoil of the lungs?

A

It is increased

38
Q

During expiration, the intrapleural pressure becomes

A

Less negative

39
Q

During expiration, what is the relationship between alveolar and atmospheric pressure?

A

Alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure

40
Q

During expiration what happens to intraabdominal pressure

A

It increases

41
Q

Causes unilateral paralysis of the diaphragm

A

Unilateral phrenic nerve loss

42
Q

Changes in intrathoracic pressure during ventilation affect venous return to the heart by the

A

Great veins

43
Q

Lowers intraorthotic pressure which dilates the great veins and increases venous return to the heart

A

Deep breath

44
Q

Provides more blood to carry more oxygen

A

Deep breath

45
Q

Laughing and coughing are essentially

A

Forced exhalations

46
Q

We know that expiration increases the

-impedes venous return

A

Intraorthotic pressure

47
Q

Thus, the face flushes and the veins in the neck flush when we

A

Laugh or cough (due to increased intraorthotic pressure)

48
Q

People with comprised ventilatory function may have trouble breathing when

A

Lying down

49
Q

Overweight people have trouble breathing when lying down because

A

It is harder for the diaphragm to push down against the abdominal wall without gravity

50
Q

An important protective mechanism for the lungs and bronchi

A

Cough reflex

51
Q

Both follow bronchial tree into the lungs

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

52
Q

POSTGANGLIONIC thoracic splanchnics that innervate smooth muscle and blood vessels of the bronchial tree

A

Lung sympathetics

53
Q

PREGANGLIONIC fibers that synapse on small ganglia along the bronchial tree

A

Parasympathetic lung fibers

54
Q

The POSTGANGLIONIC PARASYMPATHETIC fibers then innervate

A

Smooth muscles of the bronchial tree

55
Q

POSTGANGLIONIC SYMPATHETIC fibers of the lungs innervate

A

Smooth muscle and blood vessels of bronchial tree

56
Q

Afferent fibers follow the bronchial tree back to the CNS via the

A

Vagus nerve

57
Q

The afferents from the lung that travel in the vagus nerve provide feedback about

A

Stretch, pain, and pressure in the pulmonary veins

58
Q

Contributes to ANY function requiring an increase in either intraorthotic or intraabdominal pressure

A

Diaphragm

59
Q

Participates in phonation, laughing, singing, coughing, sneezing, urination, defecation, and parturition

A

Diaphragm

60
Q

When air enters the pleural cavity and the lung collapses due to loss of negative intrapleural pressure

A

Pneumothorax

61
Q

In open pneumothorax, upon inspiration, atmospheric pressure on the injured side shifts the mediastinum to the intact side which

A

Compresses the lung on that side

62
Q

When a flap of tissue acts as a valve, opening on inspiration and closing on expiration

A

Tension Pneumothorax

63
Q

In a tension pneumothorax in the left side, the left lung will be collapse and the right lung will be compressed during

A

Inspiration AND expiration

64
Q

Blood in the lung

A

Hemothorax

65
Q

The head of the ribs articulates with

A

2 Vertebral Bodies

66
Q

The tubercle of the rib articulates with the

A

Transverse processes

Structure and Function Test 1 (61 decks)

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