Lungs, Pleura, and the Mechanics of Ventilation

Question 1

The lungs are divided into bronchopulmonary segments (BP), how many BP are there for each lung?

Answer 1

10

Question 2

Each BP segment is served by a

Answer 2

Segmental (tertiary) bronchus and a pulmonary artery and vein

Question 3

Bronchopulmonary segments can also be projected to the

Answer 3

Chest wall

Question 4

The trachea bifurcates at the level of the

Answer 4

Sternal angle (T4-T5)

Question 5

More vertical and slightly larger in diameter

Answer 5

Right bronchus

Question 6

The fetus is surrounded by excessive amniotic fluid. This is referred to as

Answer 6

Polyhydramnios

Question 7

Does not allow the fetus to swallow amniotic fluid, causing polyhydramnios

Answer 7

Tracheoesophageal fistula

Question 8

The developing lungs evaginate into the pleural cavities and become covered with

Answer 8

Pleura

Question 9

The arrangement of the lung in the pleural cavities, the heart in the pericardial cavity, and the organs in the abdominal cavity is the

Answer 9

Same

Question 10

The apex of the lungs is superior to the

Answer 10

Medial 1/3 of the clavicle

Question 11

Parietal pleura turns back on itself and forms

Answer 11

Reflections

Question 12

Some of these reflections are at very acute angles so that during quiet breathing the lungs do not enter these areas. This is called a

Answer 12

Recess

Question 13

Since their is no lung tissue in these recesses, during quiet breathing, which two things touch?

Answer 13

Parietal pleura touch eachother

Question 14

Boyle’s law requires a constant

Answer 14

Teperature

Question 15

Boyles law says that at a constant temperature

Answer 15

P1V1 = P2V2

Question 16

This pressure-volume relationship governs

Answer 16

Normal and pathologic respiratory function

Question 17

Allows all three dimensions of the thoracic cavity to be increased

Answer 17

Muscular action

Question 18

The most important muscle for ventilation

Answer 18

Diaphragm

Question 19

Contraction of the diaphragm increases the superior-inferior dimensions of the

Answer 19

Thoracic cavity

Question 20

Pivot during respiration to increase the anterior-posterior dimensions of the thoracic cavity

Answer 20

Ribs 2-6

Question 21

During this process, the anterior ends of ribs 2-6 move

Answer 21

Up and down

Question 22

During this process, the sternum moves

Answer 22

Anteriorly

Question 23

This is referred to as the “pump handle” movement caused by the

Answer 23

External intercostal muscles

Question 24

Ribs 7-10 pivt on an axis through the head of the rib and sternocostal joint to increase the

Answer 24

Transverse Dimension of the thoracic cavity

Question 25

This is the "bucket handle" movement and is caused by contraction of the

Answer 25

Diaphragm

Question 26

Promotes the "bucket handle" movement of the ribs by acting as a platform for the diaphragm to push against

Answer 26

Lives

Question 27

As the liver resists further inferior displacement, ribs 7-10 are pulled

Answer 27

Laterally by the diaphragm

Question 28

At rest, the elastic recoil of the chest wall balances the elastic recoil of the

Answer 28

Lungs

Question 29

At rest, the intrapleural pressure is ALWAYS

Answer 29

Negative

Question 30

At rest, the intrapleural pressure is always negative because the lungs and chest wall are pulling in

Answer 30

Opposite directions

Question 31

At rest, Alveolar pressure is equal to

Answer 31

Atmospheric pressure

Question 32

During inspiration, force of muscular contraction exceeds elastic recoil, thus

Answer 32

The thoracic cavity enlarges

Question 33

During inspiration, the intrapleural pressure is increasingly

Answer 33

Negative

Question 34

What is the relationship between alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure during inspiration?

Answer 34

Alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure

Question 35

During inspiration, the force of diaphragm contraction exceeds the elastic recoil and resistance from

Answer 35

Abdominal organs

Question 36

During expiration, inspiratory muscles

Answer 36

Relax

Question 37

During expiration, what happens to the elastic recoil of the lungs?

Answer 37

It is increased

Question 38

During expiration, the intrapleural pressure becomes

Answer 38

Less negative

Question 39

During expiration, what is the relationship between alveolar and atmospheric pressure?

Answer 39

Alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure

Question 40

During expiration what happens to intraabdominal pressure

Answer 40

It increases

Question 41

Causes unilateral paralysis of the diaphragm

Answer 41

Unilateral phrenic nerve loss

Question 42

Changes in intrathoracic pressure during ventilation affect venous return to the heart by the

Answer 42

Great veins

Question 43

Lowers intraorthotic pressure which dilates the great veins and increases venous return to the heart

Answer 43

Deep breath

Question 44

Provides more blood to carry more oxygen

Answer 44

Deep breath

Question 45

Laughing and coughing are essentially

Answer 45

Forced exhalations

Question 46

We know that expiration increases the -impedes venous return

Answer 46

Intraorthotic pressure

Question 47

Thus, the face flushes and the veins in the neck flush when we

Answer 47

Laugh or cough (due to increased intraorthotic pressure)

Question 48

People with comprised ventilatory function may have trouble breathing when

Answer 48

Lying down

Question 49

Overweight people have trouble breathing when lying down because

Answer 49

It is harder for the diaphragm to push down against the abdominal wall without gravity

Question 50

An important protective mechanism for the lungs and bronchi

Answer 50

Cough reflex

Question 51

Both follow bronchial tree into the lungs

Answer 51

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

Question 52

POSTGANGLIONIC thoracic splanchnics that innervate smooth muscle and blood vessels of the bronchial tree

Answer 52

Lung sympathetics

Question 53

PREGANGLIONIC fibers that synapse on small ganglia along the bronchial tree

Answer 53

Parasympathetic lung fibers

Question 54

The POSTGANGLIONIC PARASYMPATHETIC fibers then innervate

Answer 54

Smooth muscles of the bronchial tree

Question 55

POSTGANGLIONIC SYMPATHETIC fibers of the lungs innervate

Answer 55

Smooth muscle and blood vessels of bronchial tree

Question 56

Afferent fibers follow the bronchial tree back to the CNS via the

Answer 56

Vagus nerve

Question 57

The afferents from the lung that travel in the vagus nerve provide feedback about

Answer 57

Stretch, pain, and pressure in the pulmonary veins

Question 58

Contributes to ANY function requiring an increase in either intraorthotic or intraabdominal pressure

Answer 58

Diaphragm

Question 59

Participates in phonation, laughing, singing, coughing, sneezing, urination, defecation, and parturition

Answer 59

Diaphragm

Question 60

When air enters the pleural cavity and the lung collapses due to loss of negative intrapleural pressure

Answer 60

Pneumothorax

Question 61

In open pneumothorax, upon inspiration, atmospheric pressure on the injured side shifts the mediastinum to the intact side which

Answer 61

Compresses the lung on that side

Question 62

When a flap of tissue acts as a valve, opening on inspiration and closing on expiration

Answer 62

Tension Pneumothorax

Question 63

In a tension pneumothorax in the left side, the left lung will be collapse and the right lung will be compressed during

Answer 63

Inspiration AND expiration

Question 64

Blood in the lung

Answer 64

Hemothorax

Question 65

The head of the ribs articulates with

Answer 65

2 Vertebral Bodies

Question 66

The tubercle of the rib articulates with the

Answer 66

Transverse processes