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Structure and Function Test 1 > Overview of the Nervous System and Spinal Nerves > Flashcards

Overview of the Nervous System and Spinal Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Comprised of the neuronal cell bodies, nerve fibers, and connective tissues of the brain and spinal cord

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

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2
Q

Initiates, regulates, and coordinates body functions

A

CNS

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3
Q

The CNS communicates with other functional components of the body via the

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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4
Q

Collections of neuronal cell bodies within the CNS are called

A

Nuclei

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5
Q

The nerve fibers of the CNS are commonly arranged into discreet bundles called

A

Tracts

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6
Q

Comprised of the neuronal cell bodies, nerve fibers and connective tissues that lie outside the CNS

-conveys information between CNS and peripheral structures

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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7
Q

Collections of neuronal cell bodies outside of the CNS are referred to as

A

Ganglia

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8
Q

Comprised of peripheral nervous tissue responsible for
carrying signals to and from skeletal muscles, tendons,
joints and skin

A

Somatic Nervous System

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9
Q

Conveys sensations of pain, temperature, tough, and proprioception from the periphery to the CNS

A

Somatic PNS

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10
Q

The cell bodies of lower somatic motor neurons are located in the

A

Ventral horn of spinal cord

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11
Q

The cell bodies of somatic sensory neurons are located in

A

Dorsal root (spinal) and cranial nerve ganglia

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12
Q

The internal organs in the main cavities of the body, especially those in the abdomen, e.g., the intestines.

A

Viscera

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13
Q

Comprised of peripheral nervous tissue responsible for
carrying signals to and from the viscera.

-conveys visceral sensations such as distension

A

Autonomic PNS

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14
Q

The Autonomic PNS is comprised of

A
  1. ) Sympathetic nervous system

2. ) Parasympathetic nervous system

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15
Q

Elicits the so-called “fight or flight” response, which includes pupilary dilation, increased heart rate, blood pressure, and sweating

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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16
Q

Controls digestive functions, slows the heart rate, and constricts the pupils

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

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17
Q

Both utilize two motor neurons in the peripheral path to innervate smooth and cardiac muscle

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

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18
Q

The anatomic unit of the nervous system

-consists of a cell body, dendrite(s), and an axon

A

Neuron

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19
Q

Microscopically, neurons can be classified as being

-based on the number of processes associated with their cell body

A

Multipolar, bipolar, or unipolar

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20
Q

Functionally, neurons are classified as being either

A

Motor (efferent) or Sensory (afferent)

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21
Q

These neurons are multipolar and carry information away from the CNS

-cell bodies are located in the nuclei, within the ventral horn of spinal cord

A

Motor (efferent) neurons

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22
Q

These neurons are unipolar and carry information towars the CNS

-cell bodies are clustered in ganglia located outside CNS

A

Sensory (afferent) Neurons

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23
Q

Ganglia associated with spinal nerves are called

A

Dorsal root ganglia (spinal ganglia)

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24
Q

Lies within the vertebral canal extending from the foramen magnum to the level of the intervertebral disc between L1/L2 vertebra

A

Spinal Cord

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25
Q

Surrounded by three meningeal layers: dura mater (outermost), arachnoid mater (intermediate), and pia mater (innermost) and bathed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that fills the subarachnoid space

A

Spinal cord

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26
Q

The spinal cord consists of

A

White and grey matter

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27
Q

Bundles of myelinated axons arranged in discreet fiber tracts

A

White matter

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28
Q

Arranged into three major horns: ventral (motor), dorsal (sensory), and lateral (autonomic motor)

A

Grey matter

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29
Q

Attach to the spinal cord via ventral (motor) and dorsal

(sensory) roots and functionally divide it into 31 spinal cord segments

A

Spinal nerves (31 pairs)

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30
Q

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, which comprises

A

8 Cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal

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31
Q

Spinal nerves exit the vertebral canal through intervertebral foramen. Where do the following exit?

  1. ) Spinal nerves C1-C7
  2. ) Spinal nerve C8
  3. ) Thoracic, lumbar, and sacral nerves
A
  1. ) Above the vertebrate (I.e. C3 exits above C3 between C2 andC3)
  2. ) Below C7
  3. ) Below their corresponding vertebra
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32
Q

Spinal nerves exit the vertebral canal through

A

Intervertebral foramen

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33
Q

Each spinal nerve is attached to the spinal cord via a

A

1.) Ventral (motor) root
and a
2.) Dorsal (sensory) root

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34
Q

The ventral root carries only motor nerve fibers and the dorsal root carries only sensory nerve fibers. these roots merge to form the

A

Mixed (motor and sensory) spinal nerve

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35
Q

The spinal nerve divides into two, forming a

-also mixed nerves

A

Ventral ramus and dorsal ramus

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36
Q

What three things do dorsal rami innervate?

A
  1. ) Skin of back
  2. ) True back muscles
  3. ) Zygapophyseal joints
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37
Q

Innervate the remainder of the skin and skeletal muscles of the neck, trunk, and limbs

A

Ventral rami

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38
Q

The skin of the neck, body wall and limbs is divided up

into segments or slices called

A

Dermatomes (skin slice)

39
Q

Each dermatome is innervated by the

A

Dorsal or ventral rami of spinal nerves

40
Q

Dermatome segments overlap eachother such that innervation of the ventral T10 dermatomal segment is supplied in part by

A

T9 and T11 ventral rami

41
Q

Thus, complete anesthesia of the T10 dermatomal segment would require knocking out the

A

T9,T10, and T11 ventral rami

42
Q

The portion of the PNS responsible for monitoring and regulating visceral functions

A

Autonomic Nervous System

43
Q

Primarily responsible for motor innervation of smooth muscle lining blood vessels, cardiac muscle and sweat glands and sensory innervation of viscera

A

Sympathetic ANS

44
Q

Primarily responsible for motor innervation of smooth muscle lining digestive tract, cardiac muscle and salivary glands and sensory innervation of viscera

A

Parasympathetic ANS

45
Q

Distributed with spinal nerves and blood vessels

A

Sympathetic nerve fibers

46
Q

Distributed with cranial nerves and pelvic autonomic nerves

A

Parasympathetic nerve fibers

47
Q

Both multipolar neurons, which carry signals away from the CNS

A

Somatic and visceral motor neurons

48
Q

Innervates skeletal muscle and takes a 1 motor neuron pathway from CNS

A

Somatic motor

49
Q

Innervate smooth muscle, modify cardiac muscle and glands, and takes a 2 motor neuron pathway from CNS

A

Visceral motor

50
Q

A single neuron pathway from CNS to skeletal muscle. Cell bodies are multipolar and located in the ventral (motor) horn of the spinal cord

A

Somatic Motor (efferent)

51
Q

For visceral motors, cell bodies of the first motor neuron (preganglionic) are located in the

A

CNS

52
Q

For visceral motors, cell bodies of the second motor neuron (post ganglionic) are located in the

A

Ganglia in PNS

53
Q

Preganglionic neurons innervate ONLY

A

Post ganglionic neurons (directly innervates visceral structures)

54
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic motor innervation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands both
require a two neuron pathway with the first neuron located in the CNS and the second neuron in the

A

PNS

55
Q

Where are the preganglionic bodies of sympathetic motors located?

-referred to as thoracolumbar outflow

A

Lateral horn of T1-L2

56
Q

Where are the postganglionic cell bodies of sympathetic motors located?

A

Paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia

57
Q

Where are the preganglionic bodies of parasympathetic motors located?

-craniosacral outflow

A

Brainstem nuclei and lateral horn of spinal cord segments S2-S4

58
Q

Where are the postganglionic cell bodies of parasympathetic motors located?

A

4 discrete ganglia of the head and enteric ganglia of the gut

59
Q

Which has a more limited distribution, the parasympathetic or sympathetic system?

A

Parasympathetic

60
Q

Does not innervate smooth muscle or glands associated with somatic structures and is therefore not distributed to the trunk or limbs

A

Parasympathetic system

61
Q

Distributed throughout the entire body

A

Sympathetic neurons

62
Q

Before being distributed, all preganglionic sympathetic fibers enter paravertebral ganglia from T1-L2 via

A

White rami communicans

63
Q

The location of sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies found only from T1-L2 spinal cord segments

A

Lateral horn

64
Q

Carries preganglionic sympathetic motor axons to spinal nerve

-also carries somatic motor axons

A

Ventral root

65
Q

All carry somatic motor axons, somatic sensory fibers, and postganglionic sympathetic axons

A

Spinal nerves

66
Q

Carry all of those fibers plus visceral sensory and

preganglionic sympathetic axons

A

Spinal nerves from T1-L2

67
Q

Carries pre- and postganglionic sympathetic axons

-Carries somatic motor and sensory fibers and visceral sensory fibers

A

Ventral Ramus

68
Q

Connects ventral rami of spinal nerves T1-L2 with paravertebral ganglia, and carries preganglionic sympathetic axons

A

White ramus communicans

69
Q

Connects ventral rami of all spinal nerves with paravertebral ganglia, and carries postganglionic sympathetic axons that are distributed to somatic structures

A

Gray Ramus Communicans

70
Q

Sympathetic chain of ganglia located alongside the vertebral column

-contain postganglionic cell bodies

A

Paravertebral ganglia

71
Q

Connects paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia and carries preganglionic sympathetic axons

-also carries visceral sensory fibers

A

Splanchnic Nerve

72
Q

Contain postganglionic cell bodies whose axons are distributed to abdominopelvic viscera

A

Prevertebral ganglia

73
Q

Spinal nerves T1-L2 provide innervation primarily to the

A

Trunk

74
Q

The blood vessels and sweat glands associated with the trunk are innervated by

-travel in the rami of T1-L2 spinal nerves

A

Postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers

75
Q

Provide innervation to the upper limb

A

Spinal nerves C5-T1

76
Q

Provide innervation to the lower limb

A

L2-S4

77
Q

The blood vessels and sweat glands associated with the limbs are innervated by postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers that travel in the

A

Rami of the spinal nerves

78
Q

The upper and lower limb spinal nerves (besides T1 and L2) do not have

A

Preganglionic cell bodies or white rami communicates

79
Q

The lack of white rami communicates means that there is no direct entry to the

A

Paravertebral ganglia

80
Q

Neurons that convey somatic sensations are anatomically identical to those neurons that convey visceral sensations. Both are unipolar neurons with cell bodies located in a

A

Ganglion

81
Q

Innervates skin, muscle, and joints and conveys pain, temperature, touch, and proprioception

A

Somatic sensory neurons

82
Q

What is the location of the cell bodies of somatic sensory neurons?

A

Dorsal root ganglia from C2-Co

83
Q

The somatic sensory neurons take the same pathway as the motor pathway up to the spinal nerve. Then it follows the

A

Dorsal root to the dorsal horn

84
Q

Innervates viscera, glands, and blood vessels and conveys distension, nausea, and hunger

A

Visceral sensory neurons

85
Q

What is the location of the cell bodies of visceral sensory neurons

A

Dorsal root ganglia from T1-L2

86
Q

Visceral sensory neurons follow the same pathway as the motor pathway up till the spinal nerve. Then they follow the dorsal root to the

A

Dorsal horn

87
Q

How many neurons do the following require?

  1. ) Somatic and visceral motor pathway
  2. ) Somatic and visceral sensory pathway
A
  1. ) 2

2. ) 1

88
Q

Somatic sensory and visceral sensory are both part of the

A

Autonomic Sensory (afferent) innervation

89
Q

Convey some pain, but are mostly involved with visceral reflexes such as monitoring blood pressure

A

Parasympathetic afferent fibers

90
Q

Travel in cranial nerves and pelvic splanchnic nerves along with visceral efferent fibers

A

Parasympathetic afferent fibers

91
Q

Parasympathetic afferent cell bodies are located in the cranial nerve sensory ganglia and dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerves

A

S2-S4

92
Q

Go from a stimulus back to the spinal cord

A

Afferent Nerve

93
Q

Go from the spinal cord to a body part

A

Efferent Nerve

94
Q

Occurs because visceral afferent fibers synapse on the same neurons in the dorsal horn of spinal cord segments T1-L2 as the somatic afferent fibers

A

Referred pain

Structure and Function Test 1 (61 decks)

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