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Structure and Function Test 1 > Shoulder, Arm, and Elbow > Flashcards

Shoulder, Arm, and Elbow Flashcards

1
Q

The bones of the proximal-most region of the appendicular skeleton of the upper limb include the

A

Clavicle, scapula, and humerus

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2
Q

The only one of the upper limb bones which articulates directly with the axial skeleton

A

Clavicle

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3
Q

There are three major synovial joints of the shoulder region, and free movement at all three joints is required for the shoulder to have full range of motion. What are the three joints?

A
  1. ) Sternoclavicular joint (SC joint)
  2. ) Acromioclavicular joint (AC joint)
  3. ) Glenohumeral joint
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4
Q

Articulates medially with the manubrium of the sternum as the SC joint

A

Clavicle

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5
Q

Articulates laterally with the acromion proccess of the scapula at the AC joint

A

Clavicle

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6
Q

What are the two clavicular articulations?

A
  1. ) medially w/ manubrium of sternum (SC joint)

2. ) Laterally w/ acromion process of scapula (AC joint)

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7
Q

The “ball and socket” glenohumeral joint is formed by the articulation of the

A

Rounded head of humerus with shallow glenoid fossa of scapula

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8
Q

The sternoclavicular (SC) joint is supported by the

A

SC ligament, Costoclavicular ligament, Joint capsule, and Subclavius muscle

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9
Q

Ankylosis of the SC joint severely limits

A

Elevation of the arm

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10
Q

The sternoclavicular joint movements are elevation/depression of the arm during flexion/extension and abduction/adduction movements at the

A

Glenohumeral joint

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11
Q

The acromioclavicular joint is supported by the

A

Coracoclavicular ligament and the joint capsule

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12
Q

Dislocated by direct forces such as contact with the ground

-referred to as “shoulder separation”

A

AC joint

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13
Q

The movements at the AC joint are

A

Rotation assisting movements of the shoulder

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14
Q

The glenohumeral joint is supported bytthe musculotendinous rotator cuff and the

A

Glenohumeral ligaments and Glenoid labrum joint capsule

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15
Q

At the glenohumeral joint, range of motion limited by pain is caused by

A

Bursitis or rotator cuff teninitis

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16
Q

At the Glenohumeral joint, range of motion limited by dislocation is caused by

A

Excessive abduction, extendion, and lateral rotation movements

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17
Q

The movements at the glenohumeral joint are

A

Abduction/adduction, flexion/extension, medial/lateral rotation, and circumduction

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18
Q

The joints at the pectoral region generally move at the ame time and are coordinated with movements of the

A

Scapula

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19
Q

This coordinated movement is referred to as

A

Scapulohumeral rythm

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20
Q

During elevation of the arm, the scapulohumeral movement occurs in a

A

2:1 ratio of glenohumeral:scapula, SC, and AC joints

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21
Q

The muscles of the shoulder serve to stabilize the shoulder and act as the prime movers of the scapula and humerus at the

A

Glenohumeral joint

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22
Q

The primary support for the glenohumeral joint

A

Rotator cuff muscles

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23
Q

What are the muscles of the rotator cuff?

A

“SITS”

Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, and Subscapularis

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24
Q

Provides superior support of the glenohumeral joint

A

Supraspinatus

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25
Q

Provides posterior support of the glenohumeral joint

A

Infraspinatus and Teres Mino

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26
Q

Provides anterior support of the glenohumeral joint

A

Subscapularis

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27
Q

What are the prime movers responsible for PROTRACTION of the scapula?

A

Serratus anterior and pectoralis minor

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28
Q

What are the prime movers responsible for RETRACTION of the scapula?

A

Rhomboids and middle trapezius fibers

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29
Q

What are the prime movers responsible for ELEVATION of the scapula?

A

Levator scapulae, Rhomboids, and superior trapezius fibers

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30
Q

What are the prime movers responsible for DEPRESSION of the scapula?

A

Pectoralis minor and inferior trapezius fibers

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31
Q

What are the prime movers responsible for UPWARD ROTATION of the scapula?

A

Serratus anterior and the superior and inferior trapezius fibers

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32
Q

What are the prime movers responsible for DOWNWARD ROTATION of the scapula?

A

Levator scapulae and rhomboids

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33
Q

What are the prime movers responsible for FLEXION of the humerus?

A

Pectoralis major, anterior deltoid fibers, arm muscles, biceps brachii, and coracobrachialis

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34
Q

What are the prime movers responsible for EXTENSION of the humerus?

A

Posterior deltoid fibers, Latissimus Dorsi, Teres major, and the long head of the triceps brachii

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35
Q

What are the prime movers responsible for ABDUCTION of the humerus?

A

Deltoid and supraspinatus

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36
Q

What are the prime movers responsible for ADDUCTION of the humerus?

A

Pectoralis major, Latissimus dorsi, deltoid, and Teres major

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37
Q

What are the prime movers responsible for MEDIAL ROTATION of the humerus?

A

Pectoralis major, Latissimus Dorsi, Deltoid, Teres major, Anterior deltoid fibers, and Subscapularis

38
Q

What are the prime movers responsible for LATERAL ROTATION of the humerus?

A

Posterior deltoid fibers, infraspinatus, and teres minor

39
Q

Supply the shoulder with blood and anastomose with each other providing collateral circulation to the upper
limb

A

Branches form axillary artery and subclavian artery

40
Q

The primary collateral roots are

A

Suprascapular and dorsal scapular (subclavius) to circumflex scapular (sxillary)

41
Q

The only bone of the arm, and it articulates proximally with the glenohumeral joint and distally with the bones of the forearm at the elbow joint

A

Humerus

42
Q

Fractures of the humerus typically occur proximally at the

A

Surgical neck, along the spiral groove, and distally at the medial superconylar ridge

43
Q

Fracture at the surgical neck can result in

A

Axillary nerve trauma

44
Q

Fracture along the spiral groove can result in

A

Radial nerve trauma

45
Q

Fracture distally at the medial supracondylar ridge can result in

A

Medial nerve trauma

46
Q

The distal humerus articulates with the proximal portions of the

A

Radius and Ulna

47
Q

Which part of the humerus contacts the head of the radius?

A

Capitulum

48
Q

Captured by the trochlear notch of the ulna

A

Trochlea of humerus

49
Q

In addition, the radius and ulna articulate with each other at the

A

Radioulnar joints

50
Q

What are the supporting structures of the elbow?

A

Radial and ulnar collateral ligaments and the annulr ligament

51
Q

At the elbow, what dislocations occur for the

  1. ) ulna
  2. ) radius
A
  1. ) Dislocates posteriorly

2. ) Dislocates inferiorly

52
Q

Pain and inflammation at the elbow due to overuse of forearm muscles

A

Epicondylitis

53
Q

What movements occur at the elbow?

A

Flexion and extension

54
Q

What are the supporting structures of the proximal radioulnar joint?

A

Radial and ulnar collateral ligaments and the annulr ligament

55
Q

At the radioulnar joint, what dislocations occur for the

  1. ) ulna
  2. ) radius
A
  1. ) Dislocates posteriorly

2. ) Dislocates inferiorly

56
Q

What movements occur at the radioulnar joint?

A

Pronation and supination

57
Q

In general, the muscles of the arm occupy the anterior or posterior surfaces of the humerus and are separated, anterior from posterior, by

-creates anterior and posterior arm compartments

A

Medial and lateral intermuscular septa

58
Q

The muscles within a given compartment all have the same general function, are innervated by the same nerve and receive their blood supply via branches of the

A

Same artery

59
Q

What is the function of the muscles of the anterior arm compartment?

A

Flexion at glenohumeral and elbow joints

60
Q

Innervates the muscles of the anterior arm compartment

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

61
Q

The muscles of the anterior arm compartment receive their blood supply from the

A

Brachial artery

62
Q

The muscles of the posterior arm compartment function in

A

Extension at the glenohumeral and elbow joints

63
Q

The muscles of the posterior arm compartment are innervated by the

A

Radial Nerve

64
Q

The muscles of the posterior arm compartment receive their blood supply from the

A

Deep brachial artery

65
Q

Which arm muscles function in FLEXION at the glenohumeral joint?

A

Biceps brachii and coracobrachialis

66
Q

Which arm muscles function in EXTENSION at the glenohumeral joint

A

Triceps brachii- long head

67
Q

Which arm muscles function in FLEXION at the elbow?

A

Biceps Brachii and Brachialis

68
Q

Which arm muscles function in EXTENSION at the elbow?

A

Triceps brachii- Long, lateral, and medial heads

69
Q

Which arm muscles function in SUPINATION at the elbow

A

Biceps Brachii

70
Q

This depression on the anterior aspect of the elbow has a number of important neurovascular structures passing through it

A

Cubital fossa

71
Q

In the superficial fascia, cubital veins form anastomotic connections between the

-common site of venipuncture

A

Cephalic and Basilic veins

72
Q

Deep to the superficial fascia, the cubital fossa is “roofed over” by the

A

Bicipital aponeurosis

73
Q

Protects the deeper median nerve and brachial artery

A

Bicipital aponeurosis

74
Q

Within the cubital fossa the brachial artery typically divides into its two terminal branches, the

A

Radial and Ulnar branches

75
Q

Crosses through the cubital fossa

A

Radial nerve

76
Q

Crosses posterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus

A

Ulnar nerve

77
Q

In a fracture of the middle third of the clavicle (most common), what would happen to the

  1. ) Lateral portion
  2. ) Medial portion
A
  1. ) Would be pulled inferiorly

2. ) Would be displaced superiorly

78
Q

When the middle third of the clavicle is fractured, the pectoralis major will pull the proximal humerus medially. This may result in an overlap of the fractured clavicular ends. Which portion would be superior?

A

Medial portion

79
Q

Shoulder separation occur at the

A

AC joint

80
Q

Shoulder dislocations occur at the

A

Glenohumeral joint

81
Q

Fluid filled sac that acts like a synovial membrane and lubricates and smooths the motion of highly active joints

A

Bursa sacs

82
Q

Deepens the socket to hold the humeral head

-where labral tears occur

A

Glenoid labrum

83
Q

A torn rotator cuff is primarily a tear in the

-patients won’t be able to ABduct their arm the 15 degrees required to get the deltoids involved

A

Supraspinatus tendon

84
Q

Supraspinatus tendon passes inferior to the

A

Acromion process

85
Q

The glenohumeral joint is weakest

-where it gets no rotator cuff support

A

Inferiorly

86
Q

In a glenohumeral dislocation, the head of the humerus moves

A

Inferior and then anterior

87
Q

The scapulohumeral rythm essentially says that for every three degrees of motion

A

2 degrees are from glenohumeral joint

1 degree is from scapular movement

88
Q

In an X-ray, radial tells us what is

A

Lateral

89
Q

In an X-ray, ulnar tells us what is

A

Medial

90
Q

Common dislocation caused by parents swinging their kids by the arms

A

Radial dislocation

91
Q

If the spiral groove is injured, which nerve is in danger?

A

Radial nerve

Structure and Function Test 1 (61 decks)

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