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Structure and Function Test 1 > Lower Limb Nerve Injuries and Gait > Flashcards

Lower Limb Nerve Injuries and Gait Flashcards

1
Q

If gravity causes flexion at a particular joint, then the extensor muscles that cross that joint function in an

A

Isometric fashion to prevent gravitational movement

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2
Q

When analyzing muscle action in the lower limb, it is essential to be cognizant of whether the limb is

A

Weight bearing or not

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3
Q

When weight bearing, the distal end of the limb is

A

Fixed

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4
Q

When not weight bearing, the distal end of the limb is

A

Moveable

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5
Q

During quiet standing, without sway, at the HIP, gravity tends to cause

A

Extension

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6
Q

Gravity tends to cause extension at the hip during quiet standing. This is resisted by the

A

Illiofemoral ligament and ischiofemoral ligament

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7
Q

During quiet standing, at the KNEE, gravity tends to cause

A

Extension

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8
Q

The extension of the knee caused by gravity during quiet standing is resisted by the

A

Posterior joint capsule of the knee

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9
Q

During quiet standing, at the ANKLE, gravity tends to cause

A

Dorsiflexion

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10
Q

The dorsiflexion of the ankle caused by gravity during quiet standing is resisted by

A

Plantar flexors

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11
Q

In an average adult male in anatomical position, the center of gravity is located immediately anterior to

A

S2

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12
Q

Vector connecting the center of gravity to the center of the earth

-i.e. perpendicular to the ground

A

Line of gravity

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13
Q

In order for an object to maintain stability, the line of gravity must pass within the

A

Supporting base

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14
Q

Stability is increased by widening the

A

Supporting base

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15
Q

In order to maintain stability, in a jointed structure, the line of gravity must pass through the

A

Axis of rotation of each joint

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16
Q

At the hip, posterior displacement of the center of gravity increases

A

Extension torque

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17
Q

This extension torque is resisted by

A

Hip flexors

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18
Q

At the hip, anterior displacement of the center of gravity decreases

A

Extension torque

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19
Q

Further anterior displacement of the center of gravity converts gravity to

A

Flexion torque

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20
Q

Flexion torque at the hip is resisted by

A

Hip extensors (i.e. hamstrings)

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21
Q

At the knee, posterior displacement of the center of gravity decreases

A

Extension torque

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22
Q

Further posterior displacement of the center of gravity converts gravity at the knee to

A

Flexion torque at the knee

-resisted by knee extensors

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23
Q

At the knee, anterior displacement of the center of gravity increases

A

Extension torque

-resisted by hamstrings

24
Q

At the ankle, what is the effect of posterior displacement of the center of gravity?

A

Dorsiflexion torque is decreased

25
Q

At the ankle, what is the effect of anterior displacement of the center of gravity?

A

Increased dorsiflexion torque

26
Q

What are the 5 stages of the gait cycle?

A
  1. ) Heel strike
  2. ) Foot flat
  3. ) Midstance
  4. ) Heel off
  5. ) Toe off
27
Q

What are the effects of anterior sway at the

  1. ) Hip
  2. ) Knee
  3. ) Ankle
A
  1. ) Flexion
  2. ) Extension
  3. ) Dorsiflexion
28
Q

What are the effects of posterior sway at the

  1. ) Hip
  2. ) Knee
  3. ) Ankle
A
  1. ) Extension
  2. ) Flexion
  3. ) Platarflexion
29
Q

At heel strike, what is the tendency at the

  1. ) Hip
  2. ) Knee
  3. ) Ankle
A
  1. ) Flexion
  2. ) Flexion
  3. ) Plantarflexion
30
Q

At heel strike, the following are controlled by?

  1. ) Flexion at hip
  2. ) Flexion at knee
  3. ) Plantarflexion at ankle
A
  1. ) Gluteus maximus and hamstrings
  2. ) Quadriceps femoris
  3. ) Dorsiflexors
31
Q

At midstance, what is the tendency at the

  1. ) Hip
  2. ) Knee
  3. ) Ankle
A
  1. ) Adduction
  2. ) Flexion
  3. ) Dorsiflexion
32
Q

At midstance, the following are controlled by?

  1. ) adduction at hip
  2. ) Flexion at knee
  3. ) Dorsiflexion at ankle
A
  1. ) Gluteus medius and minimus
  2. ) Quadriceps femoris
  3. ) Gastrocnemius and soleus
33
Q

At heel off and toe off, there is a tendency for the hip to be

A

Extended

34
Q

The extension of the hip at heel off and toe off is resisted by the

A

Hip flexors

35
Q

The propulsive force during gait is provided by the

A

Plantarflexors

36
Q

This plantarflexion pushes the ground

A

Downward and backward

37
Q

The efficiency of gait is improved by positioning the limb so that at heel off and toe off, more of the vector pushes

A

The ground bckwards, and less pushing downwards

38
Q

The gluteus maximus is innervated by the

A

Inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, and S2)

39
Q

What happens if the gluteus maximus is paralyzed and no compensatory mechanism is activated?

A

Patient will fall over at heel strike

40
Q

To prevent this, the patient compensated by

A

Displacing mass of torso posteriorly at heel strike (gluteus maximus gait or lurch gait)

41
Q

The gluteus medius-minimus complex is innervated by the

A

Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, and L6)

42
Q

Active at the time of midstance to prevent gravitational adduction of the pelvis at the hip

A

Gluteus medius-minimus complex

43
Q

If the gluteus medius-minimus complex is paralyzed, the patient will compensate by

A

Displacing mass of upper torso laterally to the supported side at the time of midstance

44
Q

The gait resulting from gluteus medius-minimus paralysis is called

A

Tredelenburg gait

45
Q

The quadriceps femoris are innervated by the

A

Femoral nerve (L2, L3, and L4)

46
Q

Active throughout the stance phase to control gravitational flexion of the thigh at the knee

A

Quadriceps

47
Q

If the quadriceps were paralyzed, the patients knee would buckle in the stance phase. to compensate for this, the patient goes through the stance phase with

A

The knee completely extended and locked (“quadriceps gait”)

48
Q

This converts gravity from a knee flexor into a

A

Knee extensor

49
Q

The anterior tibial muscles are innervated by the

A

Deep fibular nerve (L4, L5, and S1)

50
Q

Active during the swing phase to dorsiflex the foot and thus avoid having the toes hit the ground

A

Anterior tibial muscles

51
Q

Become very active at heel strike in order to gradually lower the foot to the foot flat position

A

Anterior tibial muscles

52
Q

If the anterior tibialis muscles are weak, we will see

A

“Foot slap” immediately after heel strike

53
Q

If the anterior tibialis muscles are paralyzed, the patient will enter the stance phase with a

A

Toe strike instead of heel strike

54
Q

To avoid having the toes hit the ground during the swing phase, the patient will

A

Increase flexion at the hip and knee, bringing foot higher above ground (“steppage gait)

55
Q

The fibularis (peroneus) longus and brevis are everters of the ankle and are innervated by the

A

Superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, and S2)

56
Q

If these muscles are paralyzed in addition to the anterior tibialis muscles, then during the swing phase the foot will be

A

Inverted in addition to plantarflexed

57
Q

To avoid entering the stance phase in the inverted position, the patient will

A

Swing the lower limb laterally during swing, thus bringing plantar surface of the foot in contact with the ground at end of swing

Structure and Function Test 1 (61 decks)

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