Development of the Urogenital system and Kidney 2 Flashcards
A cranial remnant of the mesonephric duct in males
Appendix of epididymus
An enlargment on the wall of the urogenital sinus in males that is a caudal remnant of the paramesonephric duct
Seminal colliculus
An elevation on the wall of the prostatic urethra
Seminal Colliculus
Within the seminal colliculus, there is a homologue of the vagina known as the
Prostatic utricle
In females, remnants of the mesonephric tubules may persist near the ovary and remain in the mesovarium as blind ending tubules called the
Epoophoron
More caudally, some remnants of the mesonephric tubules may remain in the broad ligament called the
Paroophoron
A female homologue to the ductus deferens
-remnant of the mesonephric duct
Gartner’s duct
External genital development begins to diverge during the
7th week
A proliferation of mesenchyme forms a genital tubercle, a pair of cloacal folds, and a pair of labiosacral folds in weeks
3-4
At the end of the sixth week, when the urorectal septum divides the cloacal membrane into a urogenital membrane and an anal membrane, the cloacal folds are divided into
Urethral folds and anal folds
What does the genital tubercle become in
- ) Males
- ) Females
- ) Penis
2. ) Clitoris
What do the left and right urethral folds become in
- ) Males
- ) Females
- ) Fuse and become ventral surface of penis
2. ) Don’t fuse and become labia minora
In males, defects in the closure of the urethral folds may result in
Hypospadis
What happens to the right and left labioscrotal folds in
- ) Males
- ) Females
- ) Enlarge and fuse to become scrotum
2. ) Remain separate and become labia majora
Grows back toward the urethra and then becomes canalized to become the distal end of the penile urethra
Glandular plate
The kidneys are in the retroperitoneal space and extend from approximately the
T12 to L3 levels
Which kidney is slightly lower, the right or the left?
Right
The kidneys are surrounded by a fairly thick layer of fat, the perirenal fat, which is surrounded by the
Renal Fascia
The renal fascia is, in turn, surrounded by additional fat, called the
-continuous with the remainder of the retroperitoneal fat
Pararenal fat
Each kidney is divided into an
Outer cortex and inner medulla
The posterior surface of the kidney is related to (and separated by fat from) the
Posterior abdominal wall
From medial to lateral, the lower half of the kidney is related to the
Psoas major, quadratus laborum, and transversus abdominus
The upper half of the kidney is related to the costal portion of the diaphragm and
- ) On the right underlies the
- ) On the left underlies the
- ) 12th rib
2. ) 11th and 12 ribs
The anterior surface of the kidney is related to the
Parietal peritoneum
What other retroperitoneal organs are related to the right kidney?
Bare area of liver, hepatic flexure of colon, and duodenum
What other retroperitoneal organs are related to the left kidney?
Tail of the pancreas and splenic flexure of the colon
Anterior to the parietal peritoneum, some peritoneal organs are related to the kidney. What is related to the
- ) Right kidney
- ) Left kidney
- ) Ileum
2. ) Stomach, spleen, and jejunum
The renal artery, renal vein, and renal pelvis enter the kidney on the medial side through the
Hilum
From anterior to posterior, what is the order of structures in the hilum
Vein, artery, pelvis
Narrows to become continuous with the ureter
Renal pelvis
As the renal artery approaches the kidney, it divides into segmental branches, each of which supplies a region of the kidney and is an
End artery
Segmental arteries give rise to interlobar arteries, which give rise to arcuate arteries, which give rise to interlobular arteries, which give rise to
Afferent arterioles that supply the glomeruli
When supernumerary renal arteries (end arteries) exist (approximately 20% of individuals), they may enter at the
Hilum or upper/lower pole of kidney
The renal arteries are direct branches of the aorta at approximately the
L2 vertebra
The longer renal artery, and typically passes posterior to the inferior vena cava
Right renal artery
The longer renal vein and typically passes anterior to the aorta and posterior to superior mesenteric artery
Left renal vein
The left adrenal vein and the left gonadal vein drain into the
Left renal vein
The right adrenal vein and right gonadal vein drain directly into the
Inferior vena cava
The left renal vein may get compressed between the superior mesenteric artery and the aorta, thus compromising venous drainage from the left kidney, left adrenal gland and left gonad in
Superior mesenteric artery syndrome
Abdominal pain after meals can indicate
Mesenteric artery syndrome
The compromised venous drainage from the left testis in the male may result in varicosities in the
Pampiniform plexus of left testicular vein
Entering each minor calyx is a renal papilla, which is the apex of a
Renal pyramid
Carry urine from the nephrons of a lobe of the kidney
-contained in renal pyramids
Collecting tubules
As the ureter leaves the kidney, it lies on the
Anterior surface of the psoas
The ureter crosses over the pelvic brim to enter the pelvis. This occurs immediately anterior to the
Bifurcation of the common iliac artery
The ureter crosses the most proximal portion of the
External iliac artery
The ureter continues down the posterolateral pelvic wall and then crosses anteriorly along the pelvic floor to reach the
Bladder
Contracts and compresses the ureter to prevent retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the ureter
Detrusor muscle
The ureter has three distinct narrowings which are prone to impaction of ureteral stones. Where are they?
- ) Ureteropelvic junction
- ) Where it crosses pelvic brim at common illiac artery bifurcation
- ) Ureterovesical junction
Where the renal pelvis transitions to the ureter
Ureteropelvic junction
Where the ureter passes through the bladder wall
Ureterovesical junction
The smallest of the ureter narrowings and the most common location for a ureteral stone to get impacted
Ureterovesicle junction
The obstruction of the ureter by a stone
results in strong painful contraction of the ureteric muscle, called
Ureteric colic
Such obstruction, if not resolved, can lead to back pressure to the kidney and
Hydronephrosis
The superior portion of the ureter receives its blood supply from branches of the
Renal artery
Receives it’s blood supply from branches of the gonadal artery, the abdominal aorta, the common iliac artery and branches of the internal iliac artery
More inferior parts of ureter
What is the only portion of the ureter that is transplanted during a kidney transplant?
Upper portion
The ureter receives parasympathetic innervation from the
Vagus nerves and pelvic splanchnic nerves
The ureter receives sympathetic innervation from
T10-T12 and L1-L2
Sensory innervation of the ureter parallels the sympathetic innervation and thus enters the spinal cord at segmental levels
T10 - L2
The higher segmental levels innervate the
More superior portions of ureter
An extraperitoneal organ in the pelvis, located anteroinferior to the parietal
peritoneum
Urinary bladder
The empty bladder in the adult is entirely in the true pelvis and largely behind the
Pubis
The full bladder may reach as high as the
Umbilicus
Most of the wall of the bladder contains smooth muscle known as the
Detrusor muscle
These muscle fibers are arranged such that when they contract, they compress the bladder lumen, thus
Expelling Urine
The smooth muscle in the bladder wall in the region of the neck of the bladder (near the emergence of the urethra) is called the
Internal urethral sphincter
The smooth muscle fibers in the internal urethral sphincter are arranged in a
Circular pattern
Contracts to constrict the opening of the urethra and retain urine in the bladder
Muscles of internal urethral sphincter
What type of innervation do the following receive?
- ) Detrusor muscle
- ) Internal urethral sphincter
- ) Parasympathetic
2. ) Sympathetic
An injury to the spinal cord that prevents communication between the brain and the sacral nerves may result in
Voluntary bladder control loss
Enter the bladder at the right and left posteroinferior portions of the wall
Ureters
Exits the bladder at the inferior portion of the wall
Urethra
The triangular region of the bladder wall, bounded by the two ureters and the urethra is the
Trigone
All of the bladder is derived from the urogenital sinus, except the trigone which is from the
Incorporation of mesonephric ducts into urogenital sinus
Regardless of whether the bladder is empty or full, the internal surface of the bladder in the region of the trigone is
Smooth
When the bladder is empty, the walls are
Ridged
This difference in appearance of the internal surface of the bladder when empty, allows for the identification of the
Ureters at the apices of the trigone
The bladder receives its blood supply from branches of the
Internal iliac arteries
The superior vesical arteries (branches of the umbilical arteries) supply the
Upper portion of the bladder
The lower portion of the bladder receives supply
- ) In males from
- ) In females from
- ) Inferior vesical arteries
2. ) Vaginal arteries
In the bladder,
- ) Venous drainage is to?
- ) Lymphatic drainage is to?
- ) Internal iliac vein
2. ) External and internal iliac nodes
