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Structure and Function Test 1 > Development of the Urogenital system and Kidney 2 > Flashcards

Development of the Urogenital system and Kidney 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A cranial remnant of the mesonephric duct in males

A

Appendix of epididymus

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2
Q

An enlargment on the wall of the urogenital sinus in males that is a caudal remnant of the paramesonephric duct

A

Seminal colliculus

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3
Q

An elevation on the wall of the prostatic urethra

A

Seminal Colliculus

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4
Q

Within the seminal colliculus, there is a homologue of the vagina known as the

A

Prostatic utricle

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5
Q

In females, remnants of the mesonephric tubules may persist near the ovary and remain in the mesovarium as blind ending tubules called the

A

Epoophoron

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6
Q

More caudally, some remnants of the mesonephric tubules may remain in the broad ligament called the

A

Paroophoron

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7
Q

A female homologue to the ductus deferens

-remnant of the mesonephric duct

A

Gartner’s duct

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8
Q

External genital development begins to diverge during the

A

7th week

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9
Q

A proliferation of mesenchyme forms a genital tubercle, a pair of cloacal folds, and a pair of labiosacral folds in weeks

A

3-4

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10
Q

At the end of the sixth week, when the urorectal septum divides the cloacal membrane into a urogenital membrane and an anal membrane, the cloacal folds are divided into

A

Urethral folds and anal folds

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11
Q

What does the genital tubercle become in

  1. ) Males
  2. ) Females
A
  1. ) Penis

2. ) Clitoris

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12
Q

What do the left and right urethral folds become in

  1. ) Males
  2. ) Females
A
  1. ) Fuse and become ventral surface of penis

2. ) Don’t fuse and become labia minora

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13
Q

In males, defects in the closure of the urethral folds may result in

A

Hypospadis

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14
Q

What happens to the right and left labioscrotal folds in

  1. ) Males
  2. ) Females
A
  1. ) Enlarge and fuse to become scrotum

2. ) Remain separate and become labia majora

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15
Q

Grows back toward the urethra and then becomes canalized to become the distal end of the penile urethra

A

Glandular plate

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16
Q

The kidneys are in the retroperitoneal space and extend from approximately the

A

T12 to L3 levels

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17
Q

Which kidney is slightly lower, the right or the left?

A

Right

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18
Q

The kidneys are surrounded by a fairly thick layer of fat, the perirenal fat, which is surrounded by the

A

Renal Fascia

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19
Q

The renal fascia is, in turn, surrounded by additional fat, called the

-continuous with the remainder of the retroperitoneal fat

A

Pararenal fat

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20
Q

Each kidney is divided into an

A

Outer cortex and inner medulla

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21
Q

The posterior surface of the kidney is related to (and separated by fat from) the

A

Posterior abdominal wall

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22
Q

From medial to lateral, the lower half of the kidney is related to the

A

Psoas major, quadratus laborum, and transversus abdominus

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23
Q

The upper half of the kidney is related to the costal portion of the diaphragm and

  1. ) On the right underlies the
  2. ) On the left underlies the
A
  1. ) 12th rib

2. ) 11th and 12 ribs

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24
Q

The anterior surface of the kidney is related to the

A

Parietal peritoneum

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25
Q

What other retroperitoneal organs are related to the right kidney?

A

Bare area of liver, hepatic flexure of colon, and duodenum

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26
Q

What other retroperitoneal organs are related to the left kidney?

A

Tail of the pancreas and splenic flexure of the colon

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27
Q

Anterior to the parietal peritoneum, some peritoneal organs are related to the kidney. What is related to the

  1. ) Right kidney
  2. ) Left kidney
A
  1. ) Ileum

2. ) Stomach, spleen, and jejunum

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28
Q

The renal artery, renal vein, and renal pelvis enter the kidney on the medial side through the

A

Hilum

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29
Q

From anterior to posterior, what is the order of structures in the hilum

A

Vein, artery, pelvis

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30
Q

Narrows to become continuous with the ureter

A

Renal pelvis

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31
Q

As the renal artery approaches the kidney, it divides into segmental branches, each of which supplies a region of the kidney and is an

A

End artery

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32
Q

Segmental arteries give rise to interlobar arteries, which give rise to arcuate arteries, which give rise to interlobular arteries, which give rise to

A

Afferent arterioles that supply the glomeruli

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33
Q

When supernumerary renal arteries (end arteries) exist (approximately 20% of individuals), they may enter at the

A

Hilum or upper/lower pole of kidney

34
Q

The renal arteries are direct branches of the aorta at approximately the

A

L2 vertebra

35
Q

The longer renal artery, and typically passes posterior to the inferior vena cava

A

Right renal artery

36
Q

The longer renal vein and typically passes anterior to the aorta and posterior to superior mesenteric artery

A

Left renal vein

37
Q

The left adrenal vein and the left gonadal vein drain into the

A

Left renal vein

38
Q

The right adrenal vein and right gonadal vein drain directly into the

A

Inferior vena cava

39
Q

The left renal vein may get compressed between the superior mesenteric artery and the aorta, thus compromising venous drainage from the left kidney, left adrenal gland and left gonad in

A

Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

40
Q

Abdominal pain after meals can indicate

A

Mesenteric artery syndrome

41
Q

The compromised venous drainage from the left testis in the male may result in varicosities in the

A

Pampiniform plexus of left testicular vein

42
Q

Entering each minor calyx is a renal papilla, which is the apex of a

A

Renal pyramid

43
Q

Carry urine from the nephrons of a lobe of the kidney

-contained in renal pyramids

A

Collecting tubules

44
Q

As the ureter leaves the kidney, it lies on the

A

Anterior surface of the psoas

45
Q

The ureter crosses over the pelvic brim to enter the pelvis. This occurs immediately anterior to the

A

Bifurcation of the common iliac artery

46
Q

The ureter crosses the most proximal portion of the

A

External iliac artery

47
Q

The ureter continues down the posterolateral pelvic wall and then crosses anteriorly along the pelvic floor to reach the

A

Bladder

48
Q

Contracts and compresses the ureter to prevent retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the ureter

A

Detrusor muscle

49
Q

The ureter has three distinct narrowings which are prone to impaction of ureteral stones. Where are they?

A
  1. ) Ureteropelvic junction
  2. ) Where it crosses pelvic brim at common illiac artery bifurcation
  3. ) Ureterovesical junction
50
Q

Where the renal pelvis transitions to the ureter

A

Ureteropelvic junction

51
Q

Where the ureter passes through the bladder wall

A

Ureterovesical junction

52
Q

The smallest of the ureter narrowings and the most common location for a ureteral stone to get impacted

A

Ureterovesicle junction

53
Q

The obstruction of the ureter by a stone

results in strong painful contraction of the ureteric muscle, called

A

Ureteric colic

54
Q

Such obstruction, if not resolved, can lead to back pressure to the kidney and

A

Hydronephrosis

55
Q

The superior portion of the ureter receives its blood supply from branches of the

A

Renal artery

56
Q

Receives it’s blood supply from branches of the gonadal artery, the abdominal aorta, the common iliac artery and branches of the internal iliac artery

A

More inferior parts of ureter

57
Q

What is the only portion of the ureter that is transplanted during a kidney transplant?

A

Upper portion

58
Q

The ureter receives parasympathetic innervation from the

A

Vagus nerves and pelvic splanchnic nerves

59
Q

The ureter receives sympathetic innervation from

A

T10-T12 and L1-L2

60
Q

Sensory innervation of the ureter parallels the sympathetic innervation and thus enters the spinal cord at segmental levels

A

T10 - L2

61
Q

The higher segmental levels innervate the

A

More superior portions of ureter

62
Q

An extraperitoneal organ in the pelvis, located anteroinferior to the parietal
peritoneum

A

Urinary bladder

63
Q

The empty bladder in the adult is entirely in the true pelvis and largely behind the

A

Pubis

64
Q

The full bladder may reach as high as the

A

Umbilicus

65
Q

Most of the wall of the bladder contains smooth muscle known as the

A

Detrusor muscle

66
Q

These muscle fibers are arranged such that when they contract, they compress the bladder lumen, thus

A

Expelling Urine

67
Q

The smooth muscle in the bladder wall in the region of the neck of the bladder (near the emergence of the urethra) is called the

A

Internal urethral sphincter

68
Q

The smooth muscle fibers in the internal urethral sphincter are arranged in a

A

Circular pattern

69
Q

Contracts to constrict the opening of the urethra and retain urine in the bladder

A

Muscles of internal urethral sphincter

70
Q

What type of innervation do the following receive?

  1. ) Detrusor muscle
  2. ) Internal urethral sphincter
A
  1. ) Parasympathetic

2. ) Sympathetic

71
Q

An injury to the spinal cord that prevents communication between the brain and the sacral nerves may result in

A

Voluntary bladder control loss

72
Q

Enter the bladder at the right and left posteroinferior portions of the wall

A

Ureters

73
Q

Exits the bladder at the inferior portion of the wall

A

Urethra

74
Q

The triangular region of the bladder wall, bounded by the two ureters and the urethra is the

A

Trigone

75
Q

All of the bladder is derived from the urogenital sinus, except the trigone which is from the

A

Incorporation of mesonephric ducts into urogenital sinus

76
Q

Regardless of whether the bladder is empty or full, the internal surface of the bladder in the region of the trigone is

A

Smooth

77
Q

When the bladder is empty, the walls are

A

Ridged

78
Q

This difference in appearance of the internal surface of the bladder when empty, allows for the identification of the

A

Ureters at the apices of the trigone

79
Q

The bladder receives its blood supply from branches of the

A

Internal iliac arteries

80
Q

The superior vesical arteries (branches of the umbilical arteries) supply the

A

Upper portion of the bladder

81
Q

The lower portion of the bladder receives supply

  1. ) In males from
  2. ) In females from
A
  1. ) Inferior vesical arteries

2. ) Vaginal arteries

82
Q

In the bladder,

  1. ) Venous drainage is to?
  2. ) Lymphatic drainage is to?
A
  1. ) Internal iliac vein

2. ) External and internal iliac nodes

Structure and Function Test 1 (61 decks)

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