Development of the Urogenital system and Kidney 2

Question 1

A cranial remnant of the mesonephric duct in males

Answer 1

Appendix of epididymus

Question 2

An enlargment on the wall of the urogenital sinus in males that is a caudal remnant of the paramesonephric duct

Answer 2

Seminal colliculus

Question 3

An elevation on the wall of the prostatic urethra

Answer 3

Seminal Colliculus

Question 4

Within the seminal colliculus, there is a homologue of the vagina known as the

Answer 4

Prostatic utricle

Question 5

In females, remnants of the mesonephric tubules may persist near the ovary and remain in the mesovarium as blind ending tubules called the

Answer 5

Epoophoron

Question 6

More caudally, some remnants of the mesonephric tubules may remain in the broad ligament called the

Answer 6

Paroophoron

Question 7

A female homologue to the ductus deferens

-remnant of the mesonephric duct

Answer 7

Gartner’s duct

Question 8

External genital development begins to diverge during the

Answer 8

7th week

Question 9

A proliferation of mesenchyme forms a genital tubercle, a pair of cloacal folds, and a pair of labiosacral folds in weeks

Answer 9

3-4

Question 10

At the end of the sixth week, when the urorectal septum divides the cloacal membrane into a urogenital membrane and an anal membrane, the cloacal folds are divided into

Answer 10

Urethral folds and anal folds

Question 11

What does the genital tubercle become in

1. ) Males
2. ) Females

Answer 11

1. ) Penis

2. ) Clitoris

Question 12

What do the left and right urethral folds become in

1. ) Males
2. ) Females

Answer 12

1. ) Fuse and become ventral surface of penis

2. ) Don’t fuse and become labia minora

Question 13

In males, defects in the closure of the urethral folds may result in

Answer 13

Hypospadis

Question 14

What happens to the right and left labioscrotal folds in

1. ) Males
2. ) Females

Answer 14

1. ) Enlarge and fuse to become scrotum

2. ) Remain separate and become labia majora

Question 15

Grows back toward the urethra and then becomes canalized to become the distal end of the penile urethra

Answer 15

Glandular plate

Question 16

The kidneys are in the retroperitoneal space and extend from approximately the

Answer 16

T12 to L3 levels

Question 17

Which kidney is slightly lower, the right or the left?

Answer 17

Right

Question 18

The kidneys are surrounded by a fairly thick layer of fat, the perirenal fat, which is surrounded by the

Answer 18

Renal Fascia

Question 19

The renal fascia is, in turn, surrounded by additional fat, called the

-continuous with the remainder of the retroperitoneal fat

Answer 19

Pararenal fat

Question 20

Each kidney is divided into an

Answer 20

Outer cortex and inner medulla

Question 21

The posterior surface of the kidney is related to (and separated by fat from) the

Answer 21

Posterior abdominal wall

Question 22

From medial to lateral, the lower half of the kidney is related to the

Answer 22

Psoas major, quadratus laborum, and transversus abdominus

Question 23

The upper half of the kidney is related to the costal portion of the diaphragm and

1. ) On the right underlies the
2. ) On the left underlies the

Answer 23

1. ) 12th rib

2. ) 11th and 12 ribs

Question 24

The anterior surface of the kidney is related to the

Answer 24

Parietal peritoneum

Question 25

What other retroperitoneal organs are related to the right kidney?

Answer 25

Bare area of liver, hepatic flexure of colon, and duodenum

Question 26

What other retroperitoneal organs are related to the left kidney?

Answer 26

Tail of the pancreas and splenic flexure of the colon

Question 27

Anterior to the parietal peritoneum, some peritoneal organs are related to the kidney. What is related to the 1. ) Right kidney 2. ) Left kidney

Answer 27

1. ) Ileum | 2. ) Stomach, spleen, and jejunum

Question 28

The renal artery, renal vein, and renal pelvis enter the kidney on the medial side through the

Answer 28

Hilum

Question 29

From anterior to posterior, what is the order of structures in the hilum

Answer 29

Vein, artery, pelvis

Question 30

Narrows to become continuous with the ureter

Answer 30

Renal pelvis

Question 31

As the renal artery approaches the kidney, it divides into segmental branches, each of which supplies a region of the kidney and is an

Answer 31

End artery

Question 32

Segmental arteries give rise to interlobar arteries, which give rise to arcuate arteries, which give rise to interlobular arteries, which give rise to

Answer 32

Afferent arterioles that supply the glomeruli

Question 33

When supernumerary renal arteries (end arteries) exist (approximately 20% of individuals), they may enter at the

Answer 33

Hilum or upper/lower pole of kidney

Question 34

The renal arteries are direct branches of the aorta at approximately the

Answer 34

L2 vertebra

Question 35

The longer renal artery, and typically passes posterior to the inferior vena cava

Answer 35

Right renal artery

Question 36

The longer renal vein and typically passes anterior to the aorta and posterior to superior mesenteric artery

Answer 36

Left renal vein

Question 37

The left adrenal vein and the left gonadal vein drain into the

Answer 37

Left renal vein

Question 38

The right adrenal vein and right gonadal vein drain directly into the

Answer 38

Inferior vena cava

Question 39

The left renal vein may get compressed between the superior mesenteric artery and the aorta, thus compromising venous drainage from the left kidney, left adrenal gland and left gonad in

Answer 39

Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

Question 40

Abdominal pain after meals can indicate

Answer 40

Mesenteric artery syndrome

Question 41

The compromised venous drainage from the left testis in the male may result in varicosities in the

Answer 41

Pampiniform plexus of left testicular vein

Question 42

Entering each minor calyx is a renal papilla, which is the apex of a

Answer 42

Renal pyramid

Question 43

Carry urine from the nephrons of a lobe of the kidney -contained in renal pyramids

Answer 43

Collecting tubules

Question 44

As the ureter leaves the kidney, it lies on the

Answer 44

Anterior surface of the psoas

Question 45

The ureter crosses over the pelvic brim to enter the pelvis. This occurs immediately anterior to the

Answer 45

Bifurcation of the common iliac artery

Question 46

The ureter crosses the most proximal portion of the

Answer 46

External iliac artery

Question 47

The ureter continues down the posterolateral pelvic wall and then crosses anteriorly along the pelvic floor to reach the

Answer 47

Bladder

Question 48

Contracts and compresses the ureter to prevent retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the ureter

Answer 48

Detrusor muscle

Question 49

The ureter has three distinct narrowings which are prone to impaction of ureteral stones. Where are they?

Answer 49

1. ) Ureteropelvic junction 2. ) Where it crosses pelvic brim at common illiac artery bifurcation 3. ) Ureterovesical junction

Question 50

Where the renal pelvis transitions to the ureter

Answer 50

Ureteropelvic junction

Question 51

Where the ureter passes through the bladder wall

Answer 51

Ureterovesical junction

Question 52

The smallest of the ureter narrowings and the most common location for a ureteral stone to get impacted

Answer 52

Ureterovesicle junction

Question 53

The obstruction of the ureter by a stone | results in strong painful contraction of the ureteric muscle, called

Answer 53

Ureteric colic

Question 54

Such obstruction, if not resolved, can lead to back pressure to the kidney and

Answer 54

Hydronephrosis

Question 55

The superior portion of the ureter receives its blood supply from branches of the

Answer 55

Renal artery

Question 56

Receives it's blood supply from branches of the gonadal artery, the abdominal aorta, the common iliac artery and branches of the internal iliac artery

Answer 56

More inferior parts of ureter

Question 57

What is the only portion of the ureter that is transplanted during a kidney transplant?

Answer 57

Upper portion

Question 58

The ureter receives parasympathetic innervation from the

Answer 58

Vagus nerves and pelvic splanchnic nerves

Question 59

The ureter receives sympathetic innervation from

Answer 59

T10-T12 and L1-L2

Question 60

Sensory innervation of the ureter parallels the sympathetic innervation and thus enters the spinal cord at segmental levels

Answer 60

T10 - L2

Question 61

The higher segmental levels innervate the

Answer 61

More superior portions of ureter

Question 62

An extraperitoneal organ in the pelvis, located anteroinferior to the parietal peritoneum

Answer 62

Urinary bladder

Question 63

The empty bladder in the adult is entirely in the true pelvis and largely behind the

Answer 63

Pubis

Question 64

The full bladder may reach as high as the

Answer 64

Umbilicus

Question 65

Most of the wall of the bladder contains smooth muscle known as the

Answer 65

Detrusor muscle

Question 66

These muscle fibers are arranged such that when they contract, they compress the bladder lumen, thus

Answer 66

Expelling Urine

Question 67

The smooth muscle in the bladder wall in the region of the neck of the bladder (near the emergence of the urethra) is called the

Answer 67

Internal urethral sphincter

Question 68

The smooth muscle fibers in the internal urethral sphincter are arranged in a

Answer 68

Circular pattern

Question 69

Contracts to constrict the opening of the urethra and retain urine in the bladder

Answer 69

Muscles of internal urethral sphincter

Question 70

What type of innervation do the following receive? 1. ) Detrusor muscle 2. ) Internal urethral sphincter

Answer 70

1. ) Parasympathetic | 2. ) Sympathetic

Question 71

An injury to the spinal cord that prevents communication between the brain and the sacral nerves may result in

Answer 71

Voluntary bladder control loss

Question 72

Enter the bladder at the right and left posteroinferior portions of the wall

Answer 72

Ureters

Question 73

Exits the bladder at the inferior portion of the wall

Answer 73

Urethra

Question 74

The triangular region of the bladder wall, bounded by the two ureters and the urethra is the

Answer 74

Trigone

Question 75

All of the bladder is derived from the urogenital sinus, except the trigone which is from the

Answer 75

Incorporation of mesonephric ducts into urogenital sinus

Question 76

Regardless of whether the bladder is empty or full, the internal surface of the bladder in the region of the trigone is

Answer 76

Smooth

Question 77

When the bladder is empty, the walls are

Answer 77

Ridged

Question 78

This difference in appearance of the internal surface of the bladder when empty, allows for the identification of the

Answer 78

Ureters at the apices of the trigone

Question 79

The bladder receives its blood supply from branches of the

Answer 79

Internal iliac arteries

Question 80

The superior vesical arteries (branches of the umbilical arteries) supply the

Answer 80

Upper portion of the bladder

Question 81

The lower portion of the bladder receives supply 1. ) In males from 2. ) In females from

Answer 81

1. ) Inferior vesical arteries | 2. ) Vaginal arteries

Question 82

In the bladder, 1. ) Venous drainage is to? 2. ) Lymphatic drainage is to?

Answer 82

1. ) Internal iliac vein | 2. ) External and internal iliac nodes