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Structure and Function Test 1 > Abdomen Lecture Notes Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Abdomen Lecture Notes Pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Receives tributaries from the SMV and IMV

A

Hepatic Portal Vein

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2
Q

The umbilicus and iliac crest are located at L4, but their cutaneous dermatome is

A

T10

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3
Q

The transpyloric plane cuts the kidneys in half and is also where part of the pancreas is. It is at the level of

A

L1

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4
Q

Divides the 4 quadrants horizontally

A

Transumbilical plane (L4)

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5
Q

Provide better differentiation between soft tissues

A

MRI’s

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6
Q

Appear as cross sections as viewed from the FOOT of a patient

-So observers left is the patients right

A

CT scans

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7
Q

In a CT, we want to find the vertebral body first. then just anterior to the vertebral body is the

A

Abdominal aorta

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8
Q

Then just to the right of the abdominal aorta is the

A

IVC

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9
Q

The abdominal aorta gives off the left renal artery at

A

L1-L2

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10
Q

The abdominal aorta gives off the left gonadal artery at

A

L2

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11
Q

In a CT of T12, we can clearly see the

A

Left colic flexure

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12
Q

Travels between the abdominal aorta and superior mesenteric artery

A

Left renal vein and uncinate process of duodenumm

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13
Q

Branches off posterior to the IVC

A

Right renal artery

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14
Q

Just inferior to where the SMV and splenic vein come together, we have the

A

Hepatic Portal Vein

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15
Q

We can see the pyloris of the stomach as we move into the 1st part of the duodenum in a CT at the level of

A

L1-L2

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16
Q

Each of the 3 prevertebral ganglion are associated with one of the big 3

A

Aorta branches (celiac trunk, SMA, IMA)

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17
Q

The only splanchnic nerves carrying parasympathetic fibers

A

Pelvic splanchnics

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18
Q

Ganglia in the wall of the organ we are innervating that are found in plexuses

A

Terminal ganglia

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19
Q

Provide EXTRINSIC innervation of the gut

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation

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20
Q

The enteric nervous system is intrinsic, meaning it is located in the walls of the

A

Bowel

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21
Q

The enteric nervous system is made up of which two major plexuses?

A
  1. ) Myenteric Plexus

2. ) Submucosal Plexus

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22
Q

Extrinsic nerve fibers run on blood vessels leading to the

A

Bowel

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23
Q

When the outer longitudinal layer of bowel muscle relaxes in front of the bolus and the inner circular layer contracts behind the bolus we get

A

Peristalsis

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24
Q

Disease where there are regions of the bowel without myernteric or submucosal plexus’s

-most common region is rectosigmoidal plexus

A

Aganglionic Megacolon (Hirschsprung’s)

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25
Q

In Hirschsprung’s, the constricted segment is the aganglionic segment because the extrinsic nerve fibers cause

A

Tonixc contraction

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26
Q

Allows relaxation of the colon

A

Intrinsic innervation

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27
Q

Have to go through the diaphragm to get into the abdomen for abdominal innervation

-Range from T5-T9

A

Greater thoracic splanchnics

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28
Q

The transition from midgut to hindgut happens immediately after the

A

Proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

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29
Q

Because of rotation of the forgut, where is the

  1. ) Left Vagus nerve
  2. ) Right vagus nerve
A
  1. ) Anterior

2. ) Posterior

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30
Q

Pass through the celiac ganglion and are distributed on the celiac trunk to organs

A

Posterior Vagal nerve fibers

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31
Q

There is communication between the celiac, SM, and IM plexuses which allows the vagus nerve to provide parasympathetic innervation from

A

Esophagus to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

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32
Q

You could cut or burn segments of the bowel without feeling it. But what would you feel?

A

Ischemia or pressure

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33
Q

Dull and poorly localized pain due to the fact that the bowel has less nerve endings than skin

A

Visceral pain

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34
Q

The dermatomal segment for the umbilicus is

A

T10

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35
Q

What is the lowest dermatomal segment of the gut for visceral pain?

A

L1

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36
Q

Shows up in T6-upper T8 dermatomes

-Forgut Pain

A

Epigastric pain

37
Q

Shows up from T-8 to upper part of T11 dermatomes

-Midgut pain

A

Umbilical pain

38
Q

Shows up in T11-T12 dermatomes

-Hindgut pain

A

Suprapubic pain

39
Q

The gall bladder refers pain to the

-described as being in the right shoulderblade

A

T7 dermatome

40
Q

When an injured organ comes in contact with the body wall we get

A

Parietal Pain

41
Q

Has rebound tenderness, meaning it doesn’t hurt when you press on the organ but it hurts when you release

A

Parietal pain

42
Q

Uses VENTRAL rami for the entire pathway

A

Parietal pain

43
Q

The right an left kidneys can be seen in a cross section at what level?

A

L2

-But really T12-L3

44
Q

Infant kidneys can be described as being

A

Lobulated

45
Q

What is the pathway of urine through the kidneys?

A

Nephrons in cortex –> Medullary pyramids –> Collecting tubules of renal pupilla –> Minor Calyces –> Major Calyces –> Renal Pelvic –> Ureter

46
Q

Compression of left renal vein and 3rd part of duodenum by SMA

-Pain after eating

A

Superior mesenteric artery (nutcracker) syndrome

47
Q

Kidney stones cause “loin to groin” pain where pain fibers travel in

A

Sympathetics

48
Q

Located in the outer cortex and inner medulla of the kineys and made up of Nephrons (cortex) and collecting tubules (mostly medulla)

A

Uriniferous tubules

49
Q

Ball of capillaries where urine formation begins

A

Glomerulus

50
Q

Filtrate moves from glomerulus into PROXIMAL portion of

A

Nephron tubules

51
Q

Filter blood to remove wastes as Urine

-Arrises from metanephrogenic blastema

A

Nephrons

52
Q

An extension of the renal artery

A

Glomerulus

53
Q

How does blood get to the Glomerulus?

A

Renal artery –> segmental artery –> interlobar artery –> arcuate artery –> interlobular artery –> afferent arterioles –> glomerulus

54
Q

The urogenital ridge is made up

  1. ) Medially of?
  2. ) Laterally of?
A
  1. ) Gonadal ridge

2. ) Nephrogenic ridge

55
Q

Initial non-functional kidney system located in the cervical region that completely regresses in week 4

A

Pronephros

56
Q

The 2nd kidney system that is located in the thorax-abdomen and briefly serves as a filtration system, but mostly regresses

A

Mesonephros

57
Q

The mesonephros is made up of which three things?

A
  1. ) Mesonephric (Wolfian) Duct
  2. ) Ureteric bud
  3. ) Metanephros (metanephrogenic blastema)
58
Q

Lateral to the mesonephros

  • Mostly regresses in females
  • Forms male internal genital system
A

Mesonephric (Wolfian)Duct

59
Q

Serves as collecting system for temporary, regressing mesonephros

A

Mesonephric duct

60
Q

Comes off caudal end of mesonephric duct

-forms collecting components of adult kidney

A

Ureteric Bud

61
Q

Forms in the sacral region where it forms the nephrons of adult kidney

A

Metanephros

62
Q

The interactions between the metanephros and ureteric bud can be described as being

A

Reciprocal induction

63
Q

Made from the developing kidney

-aids in lung development

A

Amniotic fluid

64
Q

Increased amniotic fluid which indicates an abnormality such as GI atresia or anencephaly

A

Polyhydramnios

65
Q

As the kidney initially develops close to the bladder, it receives blood from the

A

Median sacral artery (branch off internal iliac)

66
Q

Lined by transitional epithelium called urothelium

A

Urinary bladder

67
Q

Keeps urine from leaking back into the ureters

A

Vesicouretal reflux

68
Q

Located just inferior to the bladder in males

-surounds urethra in that area

A

Prostate

69
Q

Located on the posterior side of the bladder

A

Seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands

70
Q

Splits into urogenital sinus and rectoanal canal

0divided by urorectal septum

A

Cloaca

71
Q

Enters the posterior side of the urogenital sinus to form the bladder trigone

-Pulls ureters in so they empty into the trigone

A

Mesonephric ducts

72
Q

Defect in anterior ventral midline during fusion of lateral body folds that results in bladder being located outside abdominal wall

A

Bladder Extrophy

73
Q

Located in the testes and contain sertoli and germ cells

A

Seminiferous tubules

74
Q

Lead to ducts called rete testis which then lead to efferent ductules

A

Seminiferous tubules

75
Q

The seminiferous tubules are surrounded by connective tissue that contains

A

Leydig cells

76
Q

Induced by primordial germ cells from the yolk sac during weeks 4-6

A

Gonad formation

77
Q

Travel through the allentois and will later give rise to sperm and eggs

A

Primordial germ cells

78
Q

Formed from gonadal ridge mesoderm after induction by primordial germ cells

A

Primitive sex cords

79
Q

In males, the primitive sex cords will proliferate and form the medullary cords of the

A

Testes

80
Q

These medullary cords will then give rise to the

A

Seminiferous tubules and rete testes

81
Q

The primitive sex cords will proliferate in cortical surface of ovary in females and the cortical cells will become

A

Follicles

82
Q

Secrete the Mullerian Inhibiting Factor (MIH), which prevents the paramesonephric duct from forming

A

Sertoli Cells

83
Q

Forms from the prostatic urethra

A

Prostate

84
Q

Forms the uterine tubes, body of uterus, cervix, and upper portion of the vagina

A

Paramesonephric ducts

85
Q

The lower portion of the vagina is derived from the

A

Urogenital sinus

86
Q

Form along the cloacal membrane where endoderm and ectoderm meet without intervening mesoderm

A

External Genitals

87
Q

The cloacal membrane eventually forms the

A

Genital tubercle, Cloacal fold, and Genital swellings (i.e. labiosacral fold)

88
Q

The cloacal membrane is then divided by the urorectal septum into

A

Anterior urethral fold and posterior anal fold

Structure and Function Test 1 (61 decks)

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