Abdomen Lecture Notes Pt. 2

Question 1

Receives tributaries from the SMV and IMV

Answer 1

Hepatic Portal Vein

Question 2

The umbilicus and iliac crest are located at L4, but their cutaneous dermatome is

Answer 2

T10

Question 3

The transpyloric plane cuts the kidneys in half and is also where part of the pancreas is. It is at the level of

Answer 3

L1

Question 4

Divides the 4 quadrants horizontally

Answer 4

Transumbilical plane (L4)

Question 5

Provide better differentiation between soft tissues

Answer 5

MRI’s

Question 6

Appear as cross sections as viewed from the FOOT of a patient

-So observers left is the patients right

Answer 6

CT scans

Question 7

In a CT, we want to find the vertebral body first. then just anterior to the vertebral body is the

Answer 7

Abdominal aorta

Question 8

Then just to the right of the abdominal aorta is the

Answer 8

IVC

Question 9

The abdominal aorta gives off the left renal artery at

Answer 9

L1-L2

Question 10

The abdominal aorta gives off the left gonadal artery at

Answer 10

L2

Question 11

In a CT of T12, we can clearly see the

Answer 11

Left colic flexure

Question 12

Travels between the abdominal aorta and superior mesenteric artery

Answer 12

Left renal vein and uncinate process of duodenumm

Question 13

Branches off posterior to the IVC

Answer 13

Right renal artery

Question 14

Just inferior to where the SMV and splenic vein come together, we have the

Answer 14

Hepatic Portal Vein

Question 15

We can see the pyloris of the stomach as we move into the 1st part of the duodenum in a CT at the level of

Answer 15

L1-L2

Question 16

Each of the 3 prevertebral ganglion are associated with one of the big 3

Answer 16

Aorta branches (celiac trunk, SMA, IMA)

Question 17

The only splanchnic nerves carrying parasympathetic fibers

Answer 17

Pelvic splanchnics

Question 18

Ganglia in the wall of the organ we are innervating that are found in plexuses

Answer 18

Terminal ganglia

Question 19

Provide EXTRINSIC innervation of the gut

Answer 19

Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation

Question 20

The enteric nervous system is intrinsic, meaning it is located in the walls of the

Answer 20

Bowel

Question 21

The enteric nervous system is made up of which two major plexuses?

Answer 21

1. ) Myenteric Plexus

2. ) Submucosal Plexus

Question 22

Extrinsic nerve fibers run on blood vessels leading to the

Answer 22

Bowel

Question 23

When the outer longitudinal layer of bowel muscle relaxes in front of the bolus and the inner circular layer contracts behind the bolus we get

Answer 23

Peristalsis

Question 24

Disease where there are regions of the bowel without myernteric or submucosal plexus’s

-most common region is rectosigmoidal plexus

Answer 24

Aganglionic Megacolon (Hirschsprung’s)

Question 25

In Hirschsprung's, the constricted segment is the aganglionic segment because the extrinsic nerve fibers cause

Answer 25

Tonixc contraction

Question 26

Allows relaxation of the colon

Answer 26

Intrinsic innervation

Question 27

Have to go through the diaphragm to get into the abdomen for abdominal innervation -Range from T5-T9

Answer 27

Greater thoracic splanchnics

Question 28

The transition from midgut to hindgut happens immediately after the

Answer 28

Proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

Question 29

Because of rotation of the forgut, where is the 1. ) Left Vagus nerve 2. ) Right vagus nerve

Answer 29

1. ) Anterior | 2. ) Posterior

Question 30

Pass through the celiac ganglion and are distributed on the celiac trunk to organs

Answer 30

Posterior Vagal nerve fibers

Question 31

There is communication between the celiac, SM, and IM plexuses which allows the vagus nerve to provide parasympathetic innervation from

Answer 31

Esophagus to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

Question 32

You could cut or burn segments of the bowel without feeling it. But what would you feel?

Answer 32

Ischemia or pressure

Question 33

Dull and poorly localized pain due to the fact that the bowel has less nerve endings than skin

Answer 33

Visceral pain

Question 34

The dermatomal segment for the umbilicus is

Answer 34

T10

Question 35

What is the lowest dermatomal segment of the gut for visceral pain?

Answer 35

L1

Question 36

Shows up in T6-upper T8 dermatomes -Forgut Pain

Answer 36

Epigastric pain

Question 37

Shows up from T-8 to upper part of T11 dermatomes -Midgut pain

Answer 37

Umbilical pain

Question 38

Shows up in T11-T12 dermatomes -Hindgut pain

Answer 38

Suprapubic pain

Question 39

The gall bladder refers pain to the -described as being in the right shoulderblade

Answer 39

T7 dermatome

Question 40

When an injured organ comes in contact with the body wall we get

Answer 40

Parietal Pain

Question 41

Has rebound tenderness, meaning it doesn't hurt when you press on the organ but it hurts when you release

Answer 41

Parietal pain

Question 42

Uses VENTRAL rami for the entire pathway

Answer 42

Parietal pain

Question 43

The right an left kidneys can be seen in a cross section at what level?

Answer 43

L2 -But really T12-L3

Question 44

Infant kidneys can be described as being

Answer 44

Lobulated

Question 45

What is the pathway of urine through the kidneys?

Answer 45

Nephrons in cortex --> Medullary pyramids --> Collecting tubules of renal pupilla --> Minor Calyces --> Major Calyces --> Renal Pelvic --> Ureter

Question 46

Compression of left renal vein and 3rd part of duodenum by SMA -Pain after eating

Answer 46

Superior mesenteric artery (nutcracker) syndrome

Question 47

Kidney stones cause "loin to groin" pain where pain fibers travel in

Answer 47

Sympathetics

Question 48

Located in the outer cortex and inner medulla of the kineys and made up of Nephrons (cortex) and collecting tubules (mostly medulla)

Answer 48

Uriniferous tubules

Question 49

Ball of capillaries where urine formation begins

Answer 49

Glomerulus

Question 50

Filtrate moves from glomerulus into PROXIMAL portion of

Answer 50

Nephron tubules

Question 51

Filter blood to remove wastes as Urine -Arrises from metanephrogenic blastema

Answer 51

Nephrons

Question 52

An extension of the renal artery

Answer 52

Glomerulus

Question 53

How does blood get to the Glomerulus?

Answer 53

Renal artery --> segmental artery --> interlobar artery --> arcuate artery --> interlobular artery --> afferent arterioles --> glomerulus

Question 54

The urogenital ridge is made up 1. ) Medially of? 2. ) Laterally of?

Answer 54

1. ) Gonadal ridge | 2. ) Nephrogenic ridge

Question 55

Initial non-functional kidney system located in the cervical region that completely regresses in week 4

Answer 55

Pronephros

Question 56

The 2nd kidney system that is located in the thorax-abdomen and briefly serves as a filtration system, but mostly regresses

Answer 56

Mesonephros

Question 57

The mesonephros is made up of which three things?

Answer 57

1. ) Mesonephric (Wolfian) Duct 2. ) Ureteric bud 3. ) Metanephros (metanephrogenic blastema)

Question 58

Lateral to the mesonephros - Mostly regresses in females - Forms male internal genital system

Answer 58

Mesonephric (Wolfian)Duct

Question 59

Serves as collecting system for temporary, regressing mesonephros

Answer 59

Mesonephric duct

Question 60

Comes off caudal end of mesonephric duct -forms collecting components of adult kidney

Answer 60

Ureteric Bud

Question 61

Forms in the sacral region where it forms the nephrons of adult kidney

Answer 61

Metanephros

Question 62

The interactions between the metanephros and ureteric bud can be described as being

Answer 62

Reciprocal induction

Question 63

Made from the developing kidney -aids in lung development

Answer 63

Amniotic fluid

Question 64

Increased amniotic fluid which indicates an abnormality such as GI atresia or anencephaly

Answer 64

Polyhydramnios

Question 65

As the kidney initially develops close to the bladder, it receives blood from the

Answer 65

Median sacral artery (branch off internal iliac)

Question 66

Lined by transitional epithelium called urothelium

Answer 66

Urinary bladder

Question 67

Keeps urine from leaking back into the ureters

Answer 67

Vesicouretal reflux

Question 68

Located just inferior to the bladder in males -surounds urethra in that area

Answer 68

Prostate

Question 69

Located on the posterior side of the bladder

Answer 69

Seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands

Question 70

Splits into urogenital sinus and rectoanal canal 0divided by urorectal septum

Answer 70

Cloaca

Question 71

Enters the posterior side of the urogenital sinus to form the bladder trigone -Pulls ureters in so they empty into the trigone

Answer 71

Mesonephric ducts

Question 72

Defect in anterior ventral midline during fusion of lateral body folds that results in bladder being located outside abdominal wall

Answer 72

Bladder Extrophy

Question 73

Located in the testes and contain sertoli and germ cells

Answer 73

Seminiferous tubules

Question 74

Lead to ducts called rete testis which then lead to efferent ductules

Answer 74

Seminiferous tubules

Question 75

The seminiferous tubules are surrounded by connective tissue that contains

Answer 75

Leydig cells

Question 76

Induced by primordial germ cells from the yolk sac during weeks 4-6

Answer 76

Gonad formation

Question 77

Travel through the allentois and will later give rise to sperm and eggs

Answer 77

Primordial germ cells

Question 78

Formed from gonadal ridge mesoderm after induction by primordial germ cells

Answer 78

Primitive sex cords

Question 79

In males, the primitive sex cords will proliferate and form the medullary cords of the

Answer 79

Testes

Question 80

These medullary cords will then give rise to the

Answer 80

Seminiferous tubules and rete testes

Question 81

The primitive sex cords will proliferate in cortical surface of ovary in females and the cortical cells will become

Answer 81

Follicles

Question 82

Secrete the Mullerian Inhibiting Factor (MIH), which prevents the paramesonephric duct from forming

Answer 82

Sertoli Cells

Question 83

Forms from the prostatic urethra

Answer 83

Prostate

Question 84

Forms the uterine tubes, body of uterus, cervix, and upper portion of the vagina

Answer 84

Paramesonephric ducts

Question 85

The lower portion of the vagina is derived from the

Answer 85

Urogenital sinus

Question 86

Form along the cloacal membrane where endoderm and ectoderm meet without intervening mesoderm

Answer 86

External Genitals

Question 87

The cloacal membrane eventually forms the

Answer 87

Genital tubercle, Cloacal fold, and Genital swellings (i.e. labiosacral fold)

Question 88

The cloacal membrane is then divided by the urorectal septum into

Answer 88

Anterior urethral fold and posterior anal fold