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Structure and Function Test 1 > Development of the Urogenital system and Kidney > Flashcards

Development of the Urogenital system and Kidney Flashcards

1
Q

Most of the urogenital system develops from the

-located between paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm

A

Intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

The urinary system develops mostly between weeks

A

4 and 7

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3
Q

By the end of week 6, the genital system is virtually the same in

A

Both sexes (called indifferent stage)

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4
Q

The intermediate mesoderm forms an elevation in the posterior wall of the embryo known as the

A

Urogenital ridge

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5
Q

Most of this ridge (the more lateral portion) is the

-will develop into kidney-like structures

A

Nephrogenic ridge

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6
Q

At the caudal end of the nephrogenic ridge (in the
lumbosacral region), there is additional intermediate mesoderm known as the

-forms into partof the adult kidney

A

Metanephrogenic blastema

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7
Q

A more medial (and shorter) portion of the urogenital ridge is known as the

-will develop into gonad

A

Gonadal ridge

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8
Q

Rudimentary filtration structures (renal tubules) in the cervical region that degenerate soon after forming and do not serve an excretory function

A

Pronephros

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9
Q

Differentiation of the nephrogenic ridge occurs in a

A

Cranial-caudal direction

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10
Q

As more caudal regions differentiate, more cranial regions degenerate. The resulting structure is the

A

Mesonephros

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11
Q

Has somewhat more fully developed renal tubules (nephrons) and these do serve an excretory function

A

Mesonephros

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12
Q

The mesonephros serves as the kidney for the embryo until the definitive kidney is formed at about

A

10 weeks

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13
Q

Caudal end of the hindgut

A

Cloaca

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14
Q

Forms in the lateral portion of the nephrogenic ridge, runs the length of the ridge, and enters the anterior portion of the cloaca

A

Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct

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15
Q

The urine formed by the mesonephros passes through mesonephric tubules to enter the

A

Mesonephric duct

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16
Q

This urine passes down the mesonephric duct, enters the cloaca, and, after rupture of the cloacal membrane (week 7), exits the embryo and enters the

A

Amniotic cavity

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17
Q

Envagination from the mesonephric duct that grows towards the metanephrogenic blastema and invades it

A

Ureteric bud

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18
Q

The metanephrogenic blastema induces the ureteric bud to begin

A

Branching

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19
Q

The ureteric bud induces the metanephrogenic blastema to

A

Differentiate into nephrons

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20
Q

The initial branches of the ureter bud form the

A

Renal pelvis and major calyces

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21
Q

Later branches of the bud form the

A

Minor calyces and collecting tubules of the kidneys

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22
Q

The unbranched portion of the ureteric bud becomes the

A

Ureter

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23
Q

The adult kidney forms from two embryonic structures. What forms the

  1. ) Filtration elements
  2. ) Conducting elements
A
  1. ) Metanephrogenic blastema

2. ) Ureter bud

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24
Q

Filtration elements, which are mostly in the cortex of the kidneys

A

Nephrons

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25
Q

The collecting tubules, calyces, and renal pelvis are the conducting elements of the kidneys and are mostly located in the

A

Medulla of the kidney

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26
Q

The result of failure of the ureteric bud to reach the metanephrogenic blastema

A

Renal agenesis

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27
Q

The kidneys initially develop in the pelvis but then ascends to reach their adult position at the

A

Upper lumbar levels

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28
Q

The initial blood supply to the kidney arises from the

A

Median sacral artery

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29
Q

As the kidneys ascend, the lose their arteries and gain a pair of

A

Renal arteries (from L2 level of aorta)

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30
Q

Sometimes, the kidneys do not lose their initial arteries. These arteries are of high important to a surgeon because they are

A

End arteries (can not be ligated)

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31
Q

During ascention, the kidneys rotate so that the hilus rotates from anterior to

A

Medial

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32
Q

The result of failure of the kidney to ascend

A

Pelvic kidney

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33
Q

If the kidneys fuse during ascention, there will be a single kidney on one side of the abdomen. The most common fusion defect is the

A

Horseshoe kidney

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34
Q

When the lower poles of the kidney fuse and interfere with the ascent of the kidney

-Frequency of 1:500

A

Horseshoe kidney

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35
Q

The fusion seen in horseshoe kidney prevents the kidneys from ascending any highers than the

-hooked over fused portion of kidney

A

Inferior mesenteric artery (L3)

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36
Q

Has a reported frequency of 1:4000 to 1:10,000 and results in oligohydraminos

-incompatible with life

A

Bilateral renal agenesis

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37
Q

Babies with bilateral renal agenesis are born with multiple abnormalities, which is called the

A

Potter sequence

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38
Q

Has a frequency of 1:450 to 1:1000 and usually results in normal excretory function

A

Unilateral renal genesis

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39
Q

If there is interference in the process of fetal swallowing of amniotic fluid and/or its transport to the small intestine for absorption, the resulting excess of amniotic fluid is called

A

Polyhydraminos

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40
Q

GI tract abnormalities and neurological defects that interfere w/ swallowing are associated with

A

Polyhydraminos

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41
Q

The cloaca becomes divided during weeks 4-7 into an anterior portion and a posterior portion, by the

A

Urorectal septum

42
Q

What do the following become?

  1. ) Posterior portion of cloaca
  2. ) Anterior portion of cloaca
A
  1. ) Rectoanal canal

2. ) Urogenital sinus

43
Q

Formed where the urorectal septum joins the cloacal membrane

A

Perineal body

44
Q

Forms an extends into the connecting stalk during the 3rd week

  • envagination of future cloaca with no function in humans
  • included in the umbilical cord
45
Q

When the cloaca is divided by the urorectal septum, the allantois remains as an evagination of the

A

Urogenital sinus

46
Q

Forms from the upper portion of the urogenital sinus and initially remains continuous with the allantois

A

Urinary bladder

47
Q

The allantois fuses to become a fibrous cord called the urachus, which in the adult is called the

A

Median umbilical ligament

48
Q

Passes from the dome of the bladder to the umbilicus

A

Median umbilical ligament

49
Q

If the allantois does not fuse, urine escaped from the bladder and appears at the umbilicus of the infant by way of a

A

Urachal fistula

50
Q

Can result in a urachal sinus opening into the bladder or at the umbilicus, or a urachal cyst somewhere along the length of the median umbilical ligament

A

Incomplete fusion of allantois

51
Q

Derived from the urogenital sinus

-incorporates caudal portions of mesonephric ducts and ureter buds as it enlarges

A

Urinary bladder

52
Q

The portion of the bladder wall which is formed by the incorporated mesonephric ducts becomes the

A

Trigone of the bladder

53
Q

Initially, the epithelium of the trigone is derived from mesoderm. But eventually, ALL of the epithelium of the baldder is derived from

54
Q

What does the caudal portion of the urogenital sinus become in

  1. ) Males
  2. ) Females
A
  1. ) Most of urethra

2. ) All of urethra and lower portion of vagina

55
Q

What portions of the urethra in males come from the caudal portion of the urogenital sinus?

A

Prostatic, membranous, and most of the spongy

56
Q

The most distal portion of the urethra in the male, the portion within the glans penis, is derived from the

A

Glandular plate

57
Q

An ectodermal in growth from the tip of the glans penis

A

Glandular plate

58
Q

In the male, most of the epithelium of the urethra is derived from endoderm, but the distal portion, the navicular fossa, is derived from

59
Q

There is a region on the Y chromosome known as the

A

Sex-Determining Region of the Y chromosome (SRY)

60
Q

The SRY codes for the

-Will cause gonadal ridge to develop into a testis

A

Testis Determining Factor

61
Q

In the absence of TDF, the gonadal ridge will develop into an

62
Q

When the testis develops, testosterone starts being produced by the 8th week from

A

Leydig cells

63
Q

Produce Müllerian Inhibiting Factor (MIF) which prevents the paramesonephric (Müllerian) ducts from developing into the female genital tract

A

Sertoli Cells

64
Q

Thus, the development of a normal male genital system is dependent on

A

TDF, testosterone, and MIF (which are dependent on SRY)

65
Q

What happens in the absence of TDF, testosterone, and MIF

A

A female develops

66
Q

Can result in overproduction of testosterone in a female resulting in male phenotypic characteristics despite having ovaries and a female genital system

A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

67
Q

Arise from the wall of the yolk sac in the fourth week

and then migrate along the dorsal mesentery of the hindgut to enter the gonadal ridge in the sixth week

A

Primordial germ cells

68
Q

Give rise to the cells that enter the meiotic cycle to form gametes

A

Primordial germ cells

69
Q

This process of gametogenesis begins prior to birth in females and after puberty in

70
Q

The undifferentiated gonad includes a cortex comprised of mesodermally derived epithelial cells and a medulla comprised of

A

Mesenchyme

71
Q

The cortical epithelium forms finger-like epithelial
cords, called

-grow into the medulla

A

Primitive sex cords

72
Q

If the gonad becomes a testis under the influence of TDF, the sex cords elaborate in the medulla and become the

-cortex largely regresses

A

Seminiferous tubules and rete testes

73
Q

In the absence of TDF, the gonad becomes an ovary and the epithelial cells of the cortex develop into

74
Q

Which part of the gonad regresses in the development of

  1. ) Males
  2. ) Females
A
  1. ) Cortex

2. ) Medulla

75
Q

The testis develops from the gonadal ridge which is on the medial side of the

A

Mesonephros

76
Q

In males, some mesonephric tubules are retained and serve as a pathway to carry sperm from the testis to the mesonephric duct. These are called the

A

Efferent ductules

77
Q

The mesonephric duct, which had been carrying urine when the mesonephros was an excretory organ, now will be used to carry sperm and becomes the

A

Epididymyus and ductus deferens

78
Q

The caudal portions of the mesonephric ducts form a pair of evaginations called the

A

Seminal vesicles

79
Q

The portion of the mesonephric duct immediately distal to this evagination becomes the

A

Ejaculatory duct

80
Q

Develop from endodermal envaginations in the prostatic urethra

A

Parenchymal cells of the prostate

81
Q

More caudally, the portion of the urogenital sinus

that becomes the spongy urethra forms a pair of endodermal evaginations which become the

A

Bulbourethral glands

82
Q

The male and female genital systems are derived mostly from

A

Mesoderm (some ectoderm (males) and endoderm (both))

83
Q

Gives rise to the testis, efferent ductules, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles and ejaculatory ducts

84
Q

Gives rise to most of the urethra, the prostate and the

bulbourethral glands

85
Q

Gives rise to the terminal portion of the urethra in males

86
Q

A second duct formed in females in the lateral portion of the urogenital ridge

  • retained in females
  • degenerates in males
A

Paramesonephric (Müllerian) duct

87
Q

The Paramesonephric (Müllerian) duct is retained in females and becomes much of the

A

Female genital tract

88
Q

Lateral to the mesonephric duct at its craial end

A

Paramesonephric duct

89
Q

The right and left paramesonephric ducts meet and fuse in the midline. The fused paramesonephric ducts from the

90
Q

Defects in the fusion of the paramesonephric ducts may result in duplication of the uterus or formation of a

A

Bicornuate uterus

91
Q

The medialward movement of the paramesonephric ducts raises folds of the peritoneum to form the

A

Broad ligament

92
Q

The cranial portions of the paramesonephric ducts which remain unfused become the

A

Uterine tubes

93
Q

The fused paramesonephric ducts come into contact with the urogenital sinus, causing the endodermal wall of the sinus to thicken and form a pair of

A

Sinus tubercles

94
Q

These sinus tubules fuse and lengthen, growing in the cranial direction. This lengthened structure is the

A

Vaginal plate

95
Q

By the 5th month, the vaginal plate canalizes to become the

A

Lower 2/3 of the vagina

96
Q

Failure of the sinus tubules to fuse may result in a

A

Double vagina

97
Q

Failure of the vaginal plate to canalize completely results in

A

Atresia of the vagina

98
Q

The upper portion of the vagina (the region of the cervix and fornix) is derived from the

A

Caudal end of fused paramesonephric ducts

99
Q

After this canalization, a caudal remnant of the vaginal plate remains as the

-partially separates vaginal canal from vestibule

100
Q

Evaginations of the portion of the urogenital sinus that forms
the vestibule form the

A

Greater vestibular glands

101
Q

Gives rise to the ovary, the uterine tubes, uterus, cervix and the upper part of the vagina

102
Q

Gives rise to the lower part of the vagina and the vestibule

Structure and Function Test 1 (61 decks)

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