swallowing :)

Question 1

what is deglutition

Answer 1

action of preparing food within oral cavity and transmitting the bolus from OC through pharynx and oesphagus

Question 2

phases of swallowing

Answer 2

oral phase
pharyngeal phase
oesophageal phase

Question 3

what are the phases e.g. oral is …

Answer 3

oral - voluntary

others - reflexes i.e. cannot be stopped

Question 4

Oral preparatory phase

Answer 4

preparation of food by mastication, mixing with saliva

Question 5

how is the consistency of food monitors by

Answer 5

sensory receptors in the oral mucosa so no choking occurs

Question 6

oral transit phase

Answer 6

oral cavity occluded by raising the tongue to the palate from front to back
back of tongue lowered
backwards movement pushes food down oesophagus

Question 7

extrinsic muscles of the tongue

Answer 7

palatoglossus
genioglossus
styloglossus
hyloglossus

Question 8

palatoglossus

Answer 8

one of the arches in the mouth

muscle of the palate and tongue

Question 9

genioglossus and styloglossus functon

Answer 9

used to form a Shute to propel food back

Question 10

trigger points in the mouth

Answer 10

palatoglossal arch
soft palate
posterior wall of pharynx
palatine tonsil?

Question 11

contact with trigger point leads to

Answer 11

reflex pharyngeal contraction

reflex actions to protect lower airway

Question 12

what must happen for oral phase to complete

Answer 12

mouth closed

• uses jaw elevation branch V3
• lip muscles of facial expression (CNVII)

Question 13

what happens when the mouth is closed (muscles)

Answer 13

fixes the hyoid bone and suprahypid muscles to allow raining of larynx and pharunx

Question 14

transit phase

Answer 14

elevation of soft palate to stop food entering the nasopharynx and nose
suspension of respiration to minimse inhalation of food into larynx

Question 15

muscles of soft palate

Answer 15

palatoglossus
palatopharyngeus
levator veli palatini
tensor veli palatini

Question 16

palatoglossal

Answer 16

muscle of palate and tongue

anterior arch in oral cavity

Question 17

palatopharyngeal

Answer 17

posterior arch in oral cavity

Question 18

what do the arches in the OC do

Answer 18

depress the soft paalte

Question 19

levator veli palatini/tensor veli palatini

Answer 19

elevatee soft palate to close off nasopharynx

Question 20

nerve supply to muscles of palate

Answer 20

vagus

except tensor veil palatine - trigeminla V3 branch

Question 21

actions of the pharyxn

Answer 21

passage of food through pharynx

protection of lower airway to prevent food inhalation

Question 22

how is the lower airway protected

Answer 22

suspension of respiration
elevation of larynx ny suprahyoid muscles (fix hyoid bone so larynx can elevate)
narrowing of laryngeal entrance
strong adduction of vocal folds

Question 23

laryngeal elevation process

Answer 23

opens pharynx
pulls larynx under tongue
epiglottis flaps over laryngeal entrance

Question 24

epiglottis

Answer 24

elastic cartilage
protects laryngeal entrance
convex laterally

Question 25

where is food directed around epiglottis

Answer 25

from laryngeal entrance into pyriform recesses (food may get trapped)

Question 26

what innervates the area around pyriform recesses

Answer 26

internal laryngeal nerve (branch off superior larynegela nerve, off vagus)

Question 27

muscles which narrow laryngeal entranec

Answer 27

aryepiglottic muscles

Question 28

which muscles adduct the vocal folds

Answer 28

interarytenoids

laterla cricoarytenoids

Question 29

what is closed to prevent anything passing further into larynx

Answer 29

rima glottis

Question 30

how is a cough reflex initiatied

Answer 30

noxious stimulation of pharynx larynx or bronchial passagay

Question 31

procedure of cough reflec

Answer 31

diaphragm and IC muscles contract
rima glottis close and VF adduction
expiratory muscle contraction
bronchi and non cartilage’s portions of trachea collapse

Question 32

when does the gag reflex occur

Answer 32

if swallowing reflex is elicited but the material cannot be swallowed

Question 33

what happens during gag reflex

Answer 33

mouth open
posterior part of tongue elevated to expel material
soft palate elvated to stop entering nasopharynx

Question 34

sensory nerves involved in swallowing

Answer 34

5 - trigeminal (mouth and lips)
9 glossopharyngeal (pharynx initiates swallowing reflex)
vagus (pharynx)

Question 35

motor nerves involved in swallowing

Answer 35

5 tirgeminla V3 - muscles of mastication and suprahyoids
facil 7 - muscles of facil expression and suprahyoids
vagus - muscles of soft palate, pharynx and larynx
12 hypoglossal - muscles of tongue

Question 36

causes of dysphagia

Answer 36

space occupying lesions e.g. cancer
- occlusion by enlargement of adjacent structure

neurogenic

• neuromuscular disease
• damage to CN
• damage to control centres of swallowing
• xerostomia

Question 37

how is swallowing controlled

Answer 37

swallowing centres I the brain stem

higher centres in insular cortex

Question 38

problems caused by dysphagi

Answer 38

malnutitirion
socail problems
aspiration

Question 39

what is silent aspiration

Answer 39

inhalation of food without cough reflex

Question 40

process of silent aspiration

Answer 40

food enters bronchial tree and stagnates
may become infected
pneumonia and death

Question 41

what nerve elicits the coutgh reflex

Answer 41

superior laryngeal nerve (CN X)

Question 42

effects of neurogenic dysagia

Answer 42

swallowing slow

phases may be uncoupled

Question 43

assessment of swallowing

Answer 43

sips of water
soft piece of cake
video fluroscopy
nasoendoscopy