overview of inflammation:)

Question 1

what is inflammation

Answer 1

response of a vascular tissue to injury

Question 2

what does inflammation do

Answer 2

bring the cells and molecules of host defence from circulation to the sites where they are needed

• protective
• gets rid of harmful/unwanted substances
• initiate repair

Question 3

features of inflammation

Answer 3

red 
hot
swollen
pain
loss of function

Question 4

causes of inflammation

Answer 4

infection
trauma
physical and chemical agents
tissue nercrosis
forgein bodies
immune reactions

Question 5

tooth abcess

Answer 5

tooth may have caries and become non vital and necrotic
bacteria leak out of periodical area
Acute respocne

Question 6

acute vs chronic

Answer 6

acute
rapid
mainly neutrophils
usually mild tissue injury
prominent local/systemic signs

chronic 
slow
macrophages and lympocytes
severe and progressive tissue injury 
less local/systemic signs

Question 7

2 main events in acute inflammation

Answer 7

vascular resource 
- immediate 
cellular response 
- hours
- neutrophils then macrophages

Question 8

vascular events for acute inflammtion

Answer 8

1- vasocontrisction arterioles
2- arteriolar capillary and venue dilation
3 - increased vascular permeability
4- vascular stasis

Question 9

vasoconstriction in vascular events of acute

Answer 9

prevent blood loss

affected area become white

Question 10

arteriolar, capillary and venue dilation in vascular events of acute

Answer 10

to increase blood flow to an area to bring WBCs and plasma proteins
- affected area red and wam

Question 11

increased vascular permeability in vascular events of acute

Answer 11

endothelial cells contract to increase spaces between cells
allows leakage of WBCs through blood vessel wall to damaged area
- swelling due to oedema

Question 12

vascular stasis in vascular events of acute

Answer 12

WBCs can adhere to endothelial cells to move from blood vessel to tissue
- loss of fluid slows blood Flow

Question 13

what is oedema

Answer 13

swelling of the tissue

Question 14

what does oedema do

Answer 14

dilute bacterial toxins and other toxins
promotes and regulates inflammatory responce
attraction of phagocytes
initiates repair

Question 15

opsonin

Answer 15

can bind to an injurious agent and help a macrophage or neutrophil bind to it
- allows body to recognise bacteria easier
(antibodies or complement proteins act as opsonin)

Question 16

explain the process of opsonin

Answer 16

1) Macrophage approaches bacterial
2) Bacteria is able to evade the macrophage
3) Opsonin on the bacteria (binds) helps the macrophage recognise the antibody now on the bacteria
- Binds more easily

Question 17

what happens normally to leukocytes and erthrocytes

Answer 17

flow within the middle of the vessel and quickly

Question 18

what happens to the cellular response during inflammation

Answer 18

1) Margination (due to vascular stasis)
2) Pavementation
3) Emigration/extravasation between endothelial cells
4) Aggregate around inflammatory sites
5) Phagocytose micro organisms and cellular debris

Question 19

what is margination in the cellular response during inflammation

Answer 19

leukocytes move from the middle to the edge of the blood vessel

Question 20

pavementation in the cellular response during inflammation

Answer 20

adhere to the endothelial cells of the blood vessel
use integrins and ?prolactin?
increase in these receptors during inflamation

Question 21

emigration/extravastion between endothelial cells in the cellular response during inflammation

Answer 21

endothelial cells contract to increase permabilityof the wall
leukocytes can move between cells

Question 22

aggregate around inflammatory sites in the cellular response during inflammation

Answer 22

chemokines attach WBCs

Question 23

function of neutrophils in cellular repsocne

Answer 23

1) Phagocytosis
2) Kill microbes by antimicrobial peptides
3) Production of NETS (neutrophil extracellular traps)
- Neutrophils die in the process
- Releases its DNA, inthe DNA it attracts the antimicrobial peptides in DNA meshwork, traps bacteria inside it

Question 24

steps of phagocytosis

Answer 24

• Recognition and attachment (use of pseudopodia which are extensions of cell membrane)
• Engulfment (to form a phagosome, binds to a lysosome to form a phagolysosome)
• Killing and degradation of material

Question 25

what is pain in inflammation due to

Answer 25

• Increase in tissue pressure due to oedema

- Inflammatory mediators

Question 26

outcomes of acute inflammaton

Answer 26

1 complete resolution
2 healing by fibrosis
3 progression to chronic inflammation

Question 27

healing by fibrosis result of acute inflammation

Answer 27

body cannot regenerate itsel

leads to granulation tissue maturing into scar tissue

Question 28

granulation tissue

Answer 28

fibroblasts and endothelial cells

Question 29

scar tisseu

Answer 29

increase in collagen

decrease in vessels

Question 30

chronic inflammation

Answer 30

• Inflammation, repair and continued tissue destruction occur simultaneously
• Lasts weeks/months/years

Question 31

how do you progress to chronic inflammtion

Answer 31

1) Acute inflammatory response fails to get rid of injurious agent
- Grit in wound, retention of sutures, continued infection at root apex
2) Interference with normal process of healing
- e.g. poor blood supply

Question 32

causes of chronic inflammation

Answer 32

• certain microorganisms such as mycobacteria
• prolonged exposure to toxins
• autoimmune disease
• failure of acute inflammation to resolve cause

Question 33

chronic inflammatory cells

Answer 33

macrophages
plasma
lymphocyetes

Question 34

what type of response is greater in chronic

Answer 34

cellular repsince

Question 35

what do plasma cells do

Answer 35

produce antuboides

Question 36

features of chronic inflammation

Answer 36

• Minimal vascular changes
• Infiltration by chronic inflammatory cells
• Repair which may mature to give scarring
• Continued tissue destruction (inflammatory agent or inflammatory cells)