larynx :)

Question 1

what is the larynx reinforced by

Answer 1

cartilage

Question 2

how do the cartilages artiuculate

Answer 2

via synovial joints

Question 3

functions of the larynx

Answer 3

protect the LRT (prevent inhalation of food/liquid during swallowing)

phonation (due to vibration of vocal chords)

Question 4

strucutures found in the layrnx

Answer 4

hyoid bone
cricoid cartilage
arytenoid cartilage
epiglottis

Question 5

hyoid bone

Answer 5

does not articulate with other bones

held via soft tissues and muscles

Question 6

thyroid cartiage

Answer 6

2 lamina

pertubance is the Adams apple

Question 7

cricoid cartilage

Answer 7

signet ring shape

only complete ring in reppiritory system

Question 8

arytenoid cartilage

Answer 8

found behind thyroid cartialage

Question 9

where is an emergency airway

Answer 9

into cricothyroid membrane between thyroid and cricoid

Question 10

how is the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage joined

Answer 10

by thyrohyoid memrane

Question 11

how is the thyroid and cricoid cartilages joined

Answer 11

cricothyroud joint (on either side)

Question 12

how is the cricothyroud joint joined and movement

Answer 12

inferior horn of thyroid and lateral aspect of cricoid

cricoid cartilage swings up and meets the thyroid cartisge

Question 13

what does the epiglottis cover

Answer 13

openings of larynx during swallowing

Question 14

laryngeal folds

Answer 14

vestibular folds - false

vocal folds - true

Question 15

what does the arytenoid cartilages do

Answer 15

alter vocal folds

due to movement of cricothyroid joint moving the arteynoid cartilages

Question 16

what do the vocal folds attach to

Answer 16

vocal processes of the arytenoids (posterior)
thyroid cartilage (anterior)

Question 17

movement around the arytenoid cartilages

Answer 17

sliding (adduct and abduct the vocal chords)
rotation (adduction and abduction)
tilting (increase/decrease thickness, via length and tension)

Question 18

what do the vestibular folds do

Answer 18

contain mucus glands for lubication which travel down to the true vocal folds

Question 19

what is the larynx constricted by at the vocal chords

Answer 19

conus elastics (soft tissue)
extends from the cricoid cartilage and vocal ligaments

Question 20

what is the rima glottis formed by

Answer 20

vocal folds

vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages

Question 21

what does phonation require

Answer 21

adduction
tension
fine adjustment (varies in pitch and volume)

Question 22

what do the vocal folds to to protect the LRT

Answer 22

forcefully adduct

Question 23

what is the epithelium in the larynx

Answer 23

respiratory epithelium

Question 24

what is the epithelium of vocal folds

Answer 24

stratified squamous epithelium

for protection as the vocal folds are constantly opening and shutting

Question 25

laryngeal muscles

Answer 25

interarytenoid muscles
posterior cricoarytenoid 
thyroarytenoid
 lateral cricoarytenoid
cricothyroid muscles
vocalis muscle

Question 26

interarytenoid muscles

Answer 26

cross over
adduct the arytenoid cartilages
close the vocal folds (adduct)

Question 27

posterior cricoarytenoid

Answer 27

ONLY abductors of vocal chords

from the posterior of cricoid to attach to arytenoid

Question 28

thyroartenoid and lateral cricoarytenoid

Answer 28

adduct vocal folds
rotate arytenoids inwards
used during swallowing and shouting

Question 29

how do you phonate

Answer 29

closure of the vocal folds
raises sub glottal pressure beneath the vocal folds until pressure is greater than the closing force (therefore folds open)

Question 30

when is sound produced

Answer 30

when the vocal folds tensed

Question 31

issues with the the vocal folds

Answer 31

vocal nodules

haemorrhage on the vocal folds

Question 32

variables on pitch

Answer 32

length
tension
thickness

Question 33

how to alter the variables of pitch

Answer 33

moving the arytenoids backwards (stretches) or forwards (relaxes the vocal folds)

Question 34

cricothyroid muscles

Answer 34

act on cricothryoid joint
move the cricoid cartilage upwards (therefore the artyenoid cartilages backwards)
increases tension of VC

Question 35

vocalis muscle

Answer 35

(inner portion of the thyroarytenoid)
pulls the arytenoid cartilages forward towards the thyroid cartilage
relaxes vocal folds
(makes fine adjustments)

Question 36

what is the larynx innervated by

Answer 36

vagus nerves

Question 37

what supplies all other muscles in larynx

Answer 37

recurrent laryngeal nerves

Question 38

what does the superior laryngeal nerves suppy plus type of innervation

Answer 38

sensory - internal branch
mucosa of larynx
motor - external branches
- cricothyroid muscle

Question 39

damage to superior laryngeal nerve

Answer 39

1-cough reflex inopertable
inhalation of food(silent aspiration) - may lead to pnemonia
2-loss of motor innervation to cricothyroiud muscle (difficulty in regulating pitch)

Question 40

damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve causes

Answer 40

can be unilateral

1) lung pathology - usually left as it loops around aorta
2) thyroid gland operations

Question 41

damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve effects

Answer 41

all muscles paralysed except
cricothyroid (still innervated by superior laryngeal nerve)
interarytenoids
- innervated bilaterally (muscles cross over)
either side of VC will be partially adducted so vocal folds still adduct therefore phonation but raspy boice

Question 42

how are the cricoarytenoid joints formed

Answer 42

arytenoid cartilages form 2 synovial joints with cricoid lamina

Question 43

what happens to the laryngeal folds during swallowing

Answer 43

forcefully abduct

laryngeal skeleton is elevated