blood supply to the brain :)

Question 1

cranial meninges layer

Answer 1

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

Question 2

dura mater

Answer 2

outer

tough and fiberous

Question 3

arachnoid mater

Answer 3

projections

spiderweb like

Question 4

pia mater

Answer 4

delicate and fine layer

Question 5

what does inflammation of the meninges lead to

Answer 5

meningitis

Question 6

what are the cranial meninges continuous with

Answer 6

spinal meninges

Question 7

what does the dura mater consist of

Answer 7

endosteal layer
- outer
- bound to cranium
meningeal layer
- inner layer
- in contact with arachnoid mater

Question 8

what are dural folds

Answer 8

inner layer reflects off at certain points

Question 9

dural folds

Answer 9

falx cerebri
tentorum cerebelli
fall cerebelli

Question 10

falx cerebri

Answer 10

anterior ot posterior of skull

between cerebral hemispheres

Question 11

tentorum cerebelli

Answer 11

extends between cerebral hemisphere and celebellum

Question 12

falx cerebelli

Answer 12

underneath tentorium cerebellli

Question 13

space between the arachnoid and Pia mater

Answer 13

subarachnoid space

Question 14

describe the arachnoid mayer

Answer 14

translucent layer that covers brain
provides a smooth surface
fibres from arachnoid to Pia maer

Question 15

describe pia mater

Answer 15

thin layer adhered to brain extending into every fold of the brain

Question 16

extradural space

Answer 16

potential (i.e. not in normal anatomy) space between dura mater and crainium

Question 17

what are embedded in the outer dura mater

Answer 17

meningeal arteries

Question 18

what does rupture of the meningeal arteries lead to

Answer 18

bleeding into the extradural space
increased intercranial pressure
pressure forces brain down, brainstem herniates into foramen magnum
respiratory arrest and cardiac arrest

Question 19

what is found in the subarachnoid space

Answer 19

cerebrospinal fluid

arteries/veins to and from brain

Question 20

what is cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 20

filtrate of blood plasma

Question 21

what is the subarachnoid space

Answer 21

real (i.e. in normal anatomy)space between the arachnoid and Pia mater

Question 22

how long does a subarachnoid haemorrhage take to spread

Answer 22

24-48hrs

Question 23

what are the spaces between the dural folds called

Answer 23

venous sinuses (important in venous drainage of veins)

Question 24

where do veins empty into

Answer 24

venous sinuses

Question 25

where do the venous sinuses drain into

Answer 25

ito internal jugular veins

Question 26

what drain into the venous sinuses

Answer 26

superficial and deep veins drain into sinuses through emissary veins passing through the skull

Question 27

what do emissary veins allow

Answer 27

potential spread of infection as they run through small forimina

Question 28

theories of small forimina in the skull??

Answer 28

helps cool blood around the brain | allows blood to pass from Venus sinuses outside the cranium to reduce cranial pressure

Question 29

where do venous sinuses connect with superficial and deep veins through

Answer 29

orbit pterygoid venous plexus pharyngeal venous plexus emissary veins

Question 30

where is arterial supply of the brain fro

Answer 30

internal carotid arteries | vertebral artiereis

Question 31

what are vertebral arteries branches of

Answer 31

subclavian arteries

Question 32

internal carotid arteries course

Answer 32

goes to underside of cranium through carotid canal then to the brain

Question 33

course of vertebral arteries

Answer 33

through transverse foramina then through foramen magnum | run either side of medulla, join at pons to form bacillary artiery.

Question 34

what is the ancillary artier formed from

Answer 34

vertebral arteries

Question 35

what does the bacillary artier give off

Answer 35

short medullary and pontine arteries (supply pons and medulla)

Question 36

what does the common carotid artery bifurcate into

Answer 36

internal and external carotid arteries

Question 37

what type of artieies are the branches of bacillary artery and the internal carotid arties

Answer 37

true end artuers | one artery supplies a specific area where there is no other blood supply

Question 38

where do the cerebellar artieres arise from

Answer 38

vertebrobasilar system

Question 39

what do the cerebellar arteries supply

Answer 39

cerebellum | lateral aspects of the brainstem

Question 40

what does damage to cerebellar arteries results in

Answer 40

``` cerebellar ataxia (jerky pattern) cranial nerve signs and symptoms (depends on the level of brainstem that is affected CN9 10 11 12) ```

Question 41

What causes lateral medullary syndrome

Answer 41

blockage of posterior inferior cerebellar artery or vertebral artier

Question 42

symptoms of lateral medullary syndrome

Answer 42

cerebellar ataxia damage to nuclei of CN IX damage to nuclei of CN X

Question 43

what does damage of CN IX lead to

Answer 43

dysphagia | no sensation to pharynx

Question 44

damage of CN X lead to

Answer 44

no sensation/motor to larynx no motor to pharynx so no cough reflex, dysphagia, dysphonia

Question 45

what does the bacillary artery divide into

Answer 45

posterior cerebral arteries

Question 46

what do the internal carotid arteries divide into

Answer 46

anterior cerebral artery | middle cerebral artery

Question 47

what do the an/midd/post cerebral artieries supply

Answer 47

hemisphere

Question 48

what does the anterior cerebral artier supply

Answer 48

thin strip on saggital part | majority of inner surface of brain

Question 49

what does the middle cerebral artery supply

Answer 49

parietal (leg area of motor/sensory cortex) | temporal

Question 50

what does the posterior cerebral artery supply

Answer 50

occipital (i.e. visual cortex) | underneath

Question 51

what is brocas area linked to

Answer 51

speech motor area | unable to speak what they are thinking

Question 52

wernikes area

Answer 52

interpretation and understanding of speed | speech makes no sense but can speak

Question 53

what supplies brocas/wernikes area

Answer 53

middle cerebral arteriy

Question 54

what can disease/damage to arteries supplying the brain lead to

Answer 54

stroke

Question 55

types of stroke

Answer 55

ischemic stroke | haemorrhagic stroke

Question 56

what causes an ischemic stroke

Answer 56

due to a blood clot that blocks the flow of blood

Question 57

what causes a haemorrhage stroke

Answer 57

burst blood vessel (aneurysm) or due to drama (tearing) leading to blood leaking into the tissue

Question 58

effects of isemic stroke

Answer 58

brain function lost were blood supply is germanely absent

Question 59

effects of harmorrhagic stroke

Answer 59

short term effects worse | mass of hematoma decreases over time, function may return

Question 60

where does the brain receive blood supply from

Answer 60

vertebral bacilar artery | carotid arteries

Question 61

circle of willis

Answer 61

internal carotid arteries and vertebasilar system joined via communicating arteries - cn act as alternative blood supply if blood vessels damaged

Question 62

what do the anterior communicating artieries join t

Answer 62

the two sides of the carotid arteries

Question 63

what do the posterior communicating arteries join

Answer 63

cerebral and bacillary artieries