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Microbiology > Sterilization and Disinfectant > Flashcards

Sterilization and Disinfectant Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Transmission of infectious agents among patients and staff in a clinical environment

A

Cross-infection

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2
Q

Management strategies for risk control

A

Cross-infection control:

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3
Q

All patients are treated as though they are a potential source of infectious pathogens.

A

Universal precautions

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4
Q

What are some routes of spread for cross-infection?

A

Airborne Routes
Contact Routes
Parenteral Spread of Cross-Infection

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5
Q
  • Staphylococcus aureus from skin scales
  • Clostridium tetani from environmental dust
  • these and other organisms released from solid surfaces
  • sources: skin scales, wound dressings, solid surfaces
A

dust-bourne routes

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6
Q

large droplets (classified as contact)

droplet nuclei

sources: speaking, sneezing, all intraoral procedures.
Massive increase when using ultrasonic scaling, air-rotor,
air/water syringe.

A

aerosol routes

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7
Q

steps in the prevention of _____ _____

  1. Elimination or limitation of organisms at source
  2. Interruption of transmission
A

aerosol transmission

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8
Q

direct spread from person-to-person by hands and clothes or
fomites (towels, etc.); large droplets (classified as contact)

prevention: hand washing, gloves, and protective clothing

A

person-to-person: contact route

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9
Q

dental instruments
chairs
impression materials

prevention :
-sterilization of instruments

  • use of disposals
  • disinfection of dental materials
  • environmental hygiene
  • defining zones in the dental operatory
  • disposal of infected waste
A

Equipment

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10
Q

dental water supplies

prevention: flushing water supply lines, using sterile
water, and using biocide in water

A

fluids: contact routes

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11
Q

Sources: blood, saliva, and secretions

Inoculation: via eye, skin breach, mucous membrane, sharps injury

prevention: training in use and disposal of sharps, hepatitis B vaccination, wearing gloves, dressing wounds

A

Parenteral Spread of Cross-infection

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12
Q

– destruction of all microbial forms (including bacterial spores)

A

sterilization

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13
Q

– destruction of most microbial forms
– disinfectants
• agents, usually chemical, used for disinfection • usually used on inanimate objects • high-level, intermediate-level, low-level

A

disinfection

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14
Q

– Inhibition or elimination of microbes on living tissue
– antiseptics
• chemical agents that kill or inhibit growth of microorganisms when
applied to tissue

A

antisepsis

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15
Q

– reduction of microbial population to levels deemed safe (based
on public health standards)

A

sanitization

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16
Q

• agents that kill microorganisms or inhibit

their growth

A

Anti microbial agents

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17
Q

• -cidal

A

agents kill

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18
Q

• -static

A

agents inhibit growth

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19
Q

• microorganisms are not killed instantly
• population death usually occurs
exponentially
• microorganisms are considered to be dead
when they are unable to reproduce in
conditions that normally support their
reproduction

A

T he Pattern of Microbial Death

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20
Q

• population size
• population composition
• concentration or intensity of an antimicrobial
agent
• duration of exposure
• temperature
• local environment (e.g. pH, viscosity, etc.)

A

Conditions Influencing the Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Agent Activity

21
Q

• heat • low temperatures • filtration • radiation

A

Physical Methods used in Control

22
Q

– effective against all types of microorganisms

– degrades nucleic acids, denatures proteins, and
disrupts membranes

A

moist heat

23
Q

– less effective, requiring higher temperatures and

longer exposure times – oxidizes cell constituents and denatures proteins

A

dry heat sterilization

24
Q

– shortest time needed to kill all microorganisms in a

suspension at a specific temperature and under defined conditions

A

thermal death time (TDT)

25
Q

– time required to kill 90% of microorganisms or spores

in a sample at a specific temperature

A

decimal reduction time (D or D value)

26
Q

– increase in temperature

required to reduce D to 10% of original value

A

z value

27
Q

– used to kill endospores efficiently – use saturated steam under pressure to reach temperatures above boiling

A

autoclaves

28
Q

– controlled heating at temperatures well below
boiling
– reduces total microbial population and thereby
increases shelf life of treated material

A

pasteurization

29
Q

•flash pasteurization (high temperature short-term – HTST)
–72oC for 15 seconds then rapid cooling •ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) sterilization
–140 to 150oC for 1 to 3 seconds

A

Pasteurization of milk

30
Q

– stops microbial reproduction due to lack of
liquid water
– some microorganisms killed by ice crystal
disruption of cell membranes

A

freezing

31
Q

– slows microbial growth and reproduction

A

refrigeration

32
Q

• reduces microbial population or sterilizes
solutions of heat-sensitive materials by
removing microorganisms • also used to reduce microbial populations
in air

A

filtration

33
Q

– thick fibrous or granular filters that remove microorganisms by physical screening, entrapment, and/or adsorption

A

depth filters

34
Q

– porous membranes with defined pore sizes that remove microorganisms primarily by physical
screening

A

membrane filters

35
Q

• high-efficiency
particulate air (HEPA)
filters
• surgical masks

both function to

A

filter air

36
Q

– limited to surface sterilization because UV radiation

does not penetrate glass, dirt films, water, and other substances

A

ultraviolet (UV) radiation

37
Q

– penetrates deep into objects
– destroys bacterial endospores; not always effective
against viruses
– used for sterilization and pasteurization of antibiotics, hormones, sutures, plastic disposable supplies, and
food

A

ionizing radiation

38
Q

• commonly used as laboratory and hospital
disinfectants (Lysol is a mixture of phenolics)
• act by denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membranes
• tuberculocidal, effective in presence of organic material, and long lasting
• disagreeable odor and can cause skin irritation

A

Phenolics

39
Q
  • bactericidal, fungicidal, but not sporicidal
  • inactivate some viruses
  • denature proteins and possibly dissolve membrane lipids

• 60%-90% in water (cidal activity drops sharply when
diluted below 50% concentration)

A

Alcohols

40
Q

contain fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine

A

halogens

41
Q
  • skin antiseptic
  • oxidizes cell constituents and iodinates proteins
  • at high concentrations may kill spores
  • skin damage, staining and allergies can be a problem
  • iodophore (iodine complexed with organic carrier)
A

iodine

42
Q
  • oxidizes cell constituents
  • important in disinfection of water supplies and swimming pools, used in dairy and food industries, effective household disinfectant
  • destroys vegetative bacteria and fungi, but not spores
  • can react with organic matter to form carchinogenic compunds
A

chlorine

43
Q

• e.g., ions of mercury, silver, arsenic, zinc,
and copper
• effective but usually toxic
• combine with and inactivate proteins; may also precipitate proteins

A

heavy metals

44
Q

cetylpyridinium chloride

benzalkonium chloride

A

Qua ternary Ammonium Compounds

45
Q

• detergents
– organic molecules with hydrophilic and hydrophobic
ends
– act as wetting agents and emulsifiers
• cationic detergents are effective disinfectants
– kill most bacteria, but not Mycobacterium tuberculosis or endospores
– safe and easy to use, but inactivated by hard water and soap

A

Qua ternary Ammonium Compounds

46
Q

– kill most bacteria, but not Mycobacterium tuberculosis
or endospores
– safe and easy to use, but inactivated by hard water and soap

A

• cationic detergents are effective disinfectants

47
Q

– organic molecules with hydrophilic and hydrophobic
ends
– act as wetting agents and emulsifiers

A

• detergents

48
Q

• highly reactive molecules
• sporicidal and can be used as chemical sterilants
• combine with and inactivate nucleic acids and
proteins

ex. formaldehyde pr glutaraldehyde

A

aldehydes

49
Q
  • used to sterilize heat-sensitive materials
  • microbicidal and sporicidal
  • combine with and inactivate proteins
A

Sterilizing Gases

Microbiology (46 decks)

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