Antivirals

Question 1

Inhibitors of viral replication

– every step in viral replication is potentially a target
– targeting host cell functions is generally not feasible (toxicity)

Answer 1

Antiviral Treatment

Question 2

What do all these drugs have in common?

Maraviroc
Amantadine
Rimantadine
Enfuvitide

Answer 2

They are antivirals used to prevent virus entry

Question 3

HIV fusion inhibitor

Binds to gp41 region that folds back onto itself Prevents fusion of membranes Very specific to HIV

Answer 3

Enfuvitide`

Question 4

this antiviral is a CCR5 binding inhibitor

Answer 4

Maraviroc

Question 5

• used to prevent
influenza
infections

• blocks penetration
and uncoating of
influenza A virus

Answer 5

Amantadine

Question 6

______ is an analog to amantadine

Answer 6

Rimantadine

Question 7

_______ and______ affect M2 ’s function as an ion channel

Answer 7

Amantadine

rimantadine

Question 8

t/F: Following endocytosis, acidification of endosomes occurs Then M2 can function as ion channel Acidification within virion drives viral disassembly

Answer 8

true

Question 9

______ _______ (mAb) binds SARS-CoV-2 virions and “neutralizes” them, which means it blocks the virus from interacting with ACE2 receptors and entering cells

Answer 9

Monoclonal antibody

Question 10

Result of rational drug design (nucleoside analog) target herpesviruses Inhibits DNA synthesis

Answer 10

Acyclovir

Question 11

t/f: acyclovir has no effect on latency

Answer 11

true

Question 12

_____ is not effective against CMV

cytomegalovirus

Answer 12

Acyclovir

Question 13

_______ is effective against CMV compared to acyclovir, although it is also more toxic (cellular TK uses drug better too).

Answer 13

Ganciclovir

Question 14

________ is nucleoside analog

Answer 14

Gancicivir

Question 15

• Directly inhibits herpesvirus and cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase (nephrotoxicity issues)
• is a non-
  nucleoside inhibitor

Answer 15

Foscarnet

Question 16

_________ is a nucleoside analog

interferes with the action of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase causes RNA synthesis termination

Answer 16

Remdesivir

Question 17

_____ ______: cleaves viral proteins to their final mature sizes

Answer 17

Viral protease

Question 18

What are the two examples of the newer 2-drug combination therapies target specific HCV enzymes

Answer 18

Inhibitor of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

target viral protease

Question 19

______ is a relatively broad-spectrum anti-DNA virus drug

Answer 19

Cidofovir

Question 20

• in hibits viral DNA polymerase
• Use is mainly limited to cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients (toxicity limits dosage levels)
• is a nucleoside analog

Answer 20

Cidofovir

Question 21

Need to be phosphorylated by cellular enzymes before being used by HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) (like acyclovir). HIV RT uses these analogs and since they lack a 3’ –OH, DNA synthesis (reverse transcription) stops

Answer 21

nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI)

Question 22

Act like NRTI but do not need to be phosphorylated (already contain phosphate)

Answer 22

nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTI)

Question 23

Bind sites on HIV RT enzyme that cause it to stop functioning, blocking reverse transcription

Answer 23

nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI)

Question 24

HIV protease cleaves the initial HIV proteins to their final mature sizes Protease inhibitors attempt to mimic an HIV protease cut site, competitively inhibiting HIV protease

Answer 24

Protease inhibitors

Question 25

at least 3 drugs in combination

2 nucleoside inhibitors plus a NNRTI or a protease inhibitor

Answer 25

HAART = highly active antiretroviral therapy

Question 26

• Blocks integration of HIV dsDNA into host cell chromosomal DNA
• Interferes with the strand transfer step

Answer 26

Integrase inhibitors

Question 27

What steps of HIV replication/infection are targeted by anti-viral therapies?

Answer 27

Entry
Reverse Transcription
Intergration
Maturation

Question 28

release of virus from envelope

cleaves sialic acid (NA has enzymatic activity)

Inhibitors prevent efficient spread of virus from cell to cell.

Answer 28

Neuraminidase inhibitors -
influenza virus
neuraminidase (NA)

Question 29

_______ assist the immune response.

• inhibit viral replication within host cells
• activate natural killer cells and macrophages
• increase antigen presentation to lymphocytes

Answer 29

Interferons

Question 30

What are the effects of interferon therapy?

Answer 30

• Fatigue
• Fever
• Myalgias

Question 31

• Formerly main treatment
for hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
infection

• Formerly used for HBV

Answer 31

interferon therapy

Question 32

• Purine nucleoside analog • Inhibits many RNA viruses and
some DNA viruses
– Influenza A and B – Measles – Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Answer 32

Ribavirin