Immunology 2

Question 1

_______ is the accumulation of leukocytes, phagocytic cells, plasma proteins, and fluid derived from the blood at an extravascular tissue site of infection or injury.

Answer 1

Stimulate acute Inflammation

Question 2

_______ defenses mediated by: NK cell-mediated killing of virus-infected cells.—Interferon α/β(Type I interferons), which are secreted by virus-infected cells, bind to receptors on surrounding cells, and induce an anti-viral state in those cells.

Answer 2

Anti-viral

Question 3

Which receptors involved in innate immunity are found extracellularly and endosomally?

Answer 3

Toll-Like receptors (TLR)

Question 4

Which 2 receptors involved in innate immunity are found in the cytosol?

Answer 4

NOD-like receptors (NLRs)

RIG-like receptors (RLRs)

Question 5

What 3 things do TLRs recognize on external surfaces?

Answer 5

Protein, lipids, and polysaccharides

Question 6

What does TLRs recognize in endosomes?

Answer 6

Nucleic acids

Question 7

_____ are a family of more than 20 different cytosolic proteins that recognizePAMPs and DAMPs in the cytoplasm and recruit other proteins to form signaling complexes (such as inflammasomes) that promote inflammation.

Answer 7

NLRs

Question 8

_____ are cytosolic sensors of viral RNA that respond to viral nucleic acids by inducing production of the antiviral type I interferons.

Answer 8

RLRs

Question 9

_____ are used in innate immunity for the following: physical barrier to infection, killing of microbes by locally produced antibiotics, and killing of microbes and infected cells by intraepithelial lymphocytes

Answer 9

Epithelial barriers

Question 10

….Circulating phagocytic cells; Most abundant leukocytes blood….First cell type to respond to most infections….Live only a few hours in tissues.

Answer 10

Neutrophils

Question 11

______: Secrete cytokines that induce inflammation, and ingest and destroy microbes. Survive for long time periods in tissues

Answer 11

Macrophages

Question 12

_______: …Secrete cytokines

….Present antigenic peptides to T cells.

Answer 12

Dendritic cells (sentinel cells)

Question 13

…Abundant cytoplasmic granules
….Present in skin and mucosal epithelium.
…contain vasoactive amines (e.g. histamine)
….cause vasodilation and capillary permeability

Answer 13

Mast cells

Question 14

…lymphocyte-like cells

….produce cytokines but lack T cells antigen receptors (TCRs).

Answer 14

Innate lymphoid cells

Question 15

…Induce inflammation, opsonize microbes enhancing their phagocytosis, cause osmotic lysis of microbes.

Answer 15

Complement

Question 16

Delivery of neutrophils, macrophages, T lymphocytes, complement proteins, antibodies, and acute-phase reactants to the site of ______ is due to reversible changes in blood vessels in the infected or damaged tissue:

Answer 16

inflammation

Question 17

All these changes for inflammation are induced by _____ and _______ initially derived from sentinel cells (resident phagocytic cells) in the tissue, as well as endothelial cells, in response to stimulation of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).

Answer 17

cytokines and small molecule mediator

Question 18

…Kill virus-infected cells.

…Secrete interferon γwhich activates macrophages.

Answer 18

Natural Killer (NK) cells

Question 19

Changes in ____ include:
–increased blood flow into tissue due to arteriolar dilation–increased adhesiveness of circulating leukocytes to the endothelial lining of venules–increased permeability of capillaries and venules to plasma proteins and fluid

Answer 19

Inflammation

Question 20

…Secreted by virus infected cells, induce anti-viral state in surrounding cells.

Answer 20

IFN α/β(Type I Interferons)

Question 21

Extracellular bacteria and fungi are combated mainly by an acute inflammatory response, in which ____ and ______ are recruited to the site of infection, and by the complement system.

Answer 21

neutrophils and monocytes

Question 22

_____ and ______ are combated mainly by an acute inflammatory response, in which neutrophils and monocytes are recruited to the site of infection, and by the complement system.

Answer 22

Extracellular bacteria and fungi

Question 23

________ which can survive inside phagocytes, are eliminated when the microbial killing functions of phagocytes are activated by Toll-like receptors and other sensors, as well as by cytokines.

Answer 23

Intracellular bacteria

Question 24

Defense against viruses is provided by ______ and _______

Answer 24

type I interferons (interferons αand β) and by natural killer (NK) cells.

Question 25

Defense against _____ is provided by type I interferons (interferons αand β) and by natural killer (NK) cells.

Answer 25

viruses