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Microbiology > Intro to Virology > Flashcards

Intro to Virology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  • simple organization
  • DNA or RNA genome
  • unable to reproduce outside of living cells
  • obligate intracellular parasites
A

Viruses

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2
Q
  • complex organization
  • DNA genome and RNAs
  • carry out cell division
  • some are obligate intracellular parasites
A

Cellular Organisms

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3
Q

_____ virus is bigger by far than any other known virus; and rivals bacteria

A

Pandoravirus

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4
Q

_______ viruses genomes are segmented and the segments are distributed into separate viral particles

A

Multicomponent

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5
Q

Multicomponent viruses genomes are segmented and the segments are distributed into separate _______

A

viral particles

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6
Q

____ theory of viral origin: viruses evolved by degenerative evolution from intracellular parasitic cells

A

Reductive origin

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7
Q

____ theory of viral origin: viruses evolved from functional parts of cells that acquired an ability to reproduce themselves uncontrolled by the cell

A

Intracellular origin

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8
Q

____ theory of viral origin: viroid nucleic acids could have evolved outside of cells during the RNA world and acquired the ability to infect cells

A

Independent origin

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9
Q

Cultivation of viruses requires _____ of living host cell

A

inoculation

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10
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ used for cultivation of viruses
•suitable animals
•embryonated eggs•tissue (cell) cultures
–monolayers of animal cells
–plaques
•cytopathic effects (CPEs)
A

living host cell

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11
Q

–microscopic or macroscopic degenerative changes or abnormalities in host cells and tissues

A

cytopathic effects (CPEs)

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12
Q

DNA/RNA + structural proteins+ enzymes and nucleic acid- binding proteins form a _______

A

nucleocapsid

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13
Q

What form of symmetry is the HSV-1 and Bacteriophage T4 capsid?

A

Icosahedral

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14
Q

Filamentous virus is what symmetry?

A

Helical

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15
Q

If a virus only has a nucleocapsid, what is it referred to as?

A

Naked capsid virus

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16
Q

If a virus has a nucleocapsid and glycoproteins and membrane, it is referred to as _______

A

Enveloped virus

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17
Q

What is the difference between an enveloped and non-enveloped virus?

A

Glycoproteins and lipid bilayer

18
Q

Vaccinia poxvirus is what viral symmetry?

A

Asymmetrical

19
Q

Viruses are classified using a combination of what 4 properties?

A
  • Type and structure of nucleic acid used for viral genome
  • Presence or absence of envelope
  • Type of capsid symmetry
  • Replication strategy
20
Q

What are the 5 steps of virus replication?

A 
–adsorption
–penetration and uncoating
–synthesis of viral proteins and nucleic acids
–assembly of virions
–release
21
Q

______ of Virions

•viral surface proteins and/or enzymes mediate attachment to specific host receptors

A

Adsorption

22
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of penetration and uncoating?

A

–injection of nucleic acid
–fusion of envelope with host membrane
–endocytosis

23
Q

–encoded by late genes (Assembly of Virus Capsids)

A

capsid proteins

24
Q

–empty procapsids formed then nucleic acid inserted (Assembly of Virus Capsids)

A

assembly of naked viruses

25
Q

–in most cases, similar to assembly of naked viruses (Assembly of Virus Capsids)

A

assembly of enveloped viruses

26
Q

–usually by lysis of host cell(Virion Release)

A

naked viruses

27
Q

–formation of envelope and release usually occur concurrently(Virion Release)

A

enveloped viruses

28
Q
  • virus-encoded proteins incorporated into host membrane

* nucleocapsid buds outward and is surrounded by modified host membrane(Virion Release)

A

enveloped viruses

29
Q

_____ are viral and are considered as part of the human virome

A

Bacteriophages

30
Q

Which prophage is associated with Botulinum toxin?

A

Phage C1

31
Q

Which prophage is associated with Diphtheria toxin?

A

Beta phage

32
Q

Which prophage is associated with LPS synthesis?

A

Epsilon 34

33
Q

Which human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) is associated with Syncytin-1?

A

HERV-W

34
Q

Which human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) is associated with apolipoprotein C1?

A

HERV-E

35
Q

The bacteriophage replication cycle is characterized by ____ release: produces viruses without killing the cell

A

Slow release

36
Q

What are the 3 bacterial defenses against bacteriophages?

A

Genetic resistance
Restriction endonucleases
CRISPR

37
Q

_________ –mutations in bacterial genes (e.g. receptor)(bacterial defenses against bacteriophages)

A

Genetic resistance

38
Q

________–enzymes that cut invading DNA(bacterial defenses against bacteriophages)

A

Restriction endonucleases

39
Q

________ –a bacterial immune system(bacterial defenses against bacteriophages)

A

CRISPR

40
Q

______ therapy being explored as a potential antibiotic treatment

A

Phage therapy

41
Q

_______ may limit the bacterial numbers to levels that the human immune system can tolerate; the particles may modulate immune system activity; they may attack biofilms

A

Phages

Microbiology (46 decks)

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