Immunization Flashcards
What are two key public health measures have a major effect on lowering the incidence of infectious disease?
- Public sanitation
2. Vaccines
An immunizing agent derived from microorganisms Vaccines may consist of the following:
- Live, attenuated microorganisms
- Killed (irreversibly inactivated) microorganisms
- Products or derivatives of microorganisms
Vaccine
What are the three variations of vaccine types?
- Live, attenuated microorganisms
- Killed (irreversibly inactivated) microorganisms
- Products or derivatives of microorganisms
administration of a vaccine
Active immunization
administration of exogenously produced
or preformed antibodies
Passive Immunization
What are some uses of Passive Immunization?
- To prevent disease after a known exposure
- To ameliorate the symptoms of an ongoing disease
- To protect immunodeficient individuals
- To block the action of bacterial toxins and prevent the diseases they cause
- Postexposure treatment
- Injection of purified antibody or antibody-containing serum to provide rapid, temporary protection or treatment.
Passive immunization
____ ______ ______ are used against:
Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Rabies Respiratory Syncytial Virus Varicella zoster Tetanus
Human Immune GLobulins
___ ____ are used against:
Botulism
Diphtheria
Animal antitoxins
- sometimes antiviral antibody titers not high enough
- contamination with other infectious agents
-need to use early after exposure
often this is not possible
-some viruses have a limited extracellular phase
herpesviruses, enteroviruses
Passive immunization limitations
t/f: Antibody-containing products can inhibit the immune response elicited by vaccines
true
t/f: Administration of vaccines should be delayed until passive antibody has degraded
true
For diseases with long incubation periods both active and passive immunization are used for postexposure control
WHAT ARE THREE EXAMPLES?
Hepatitis B, rabies, tetanus
- Use of vaccines to elicit immune responses
- Inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines
-Live vaccines (attenuated)
Active Vaccination
With ____, _____, ___ ____ ____ there are:
- No risk of infection
- Use large amounts of antigen
- Inactivate or kill by chemical treatment (e.g. formalin) or heat for bacteria, viruses, or bacterial toxins.
- purify or synthesize subunits or components of the infectious agent.
Inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines
______ required to boost the immunogenicity of these vaccines
Adjuvants
Alum (aluminum salt) is an example of an _______..
Adjuvants
Modern______ are designed to be or to mimic PAMPs
- bacterial cell wall components
- synthetic polymers
- bacterial toxins (attenuated)
adjuvants
t/f: Adjuvants influence the type of immune response
Th1 or Th2
true
What are some disadvantages of Inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines?
- Immunity is not usually long-lived (generates a Th2 response that does not elicit
effective immune memory) - Immunity may be humoral and not cell-mediated
- The vaccine does not usually elicit a local IgA response
- Booster shots are required 5. Larger doses must be used
A class of Inactivated, subunit, and killed vaccines: ____ _____
- toxoids
C orynebacterium diphtheriae, Clostridium tetani
-inactivated (killed) bacteria (Ex. Vibrio cholrae)
-capsule or protein subunits of bacteria
Capsular polysaccharide vaccines: Haemophilus influenzae B
-Conjugate these because polysaccharides are poor immunogens
Hib polysasccharide + diphtheria toxoid
Bacterial vaccines
inactivated viruses (polio, hepatitis A, influenza, and rabies) protein subunits of viruses (hepatitis B)
Viral vaccines
-Use avirulent or attenuated microorganisms
- Immunization resembles the natural infection
host reaction progresses through Th1 and Th2 immune responses
humoral, cellular, and memory immune responses are developed - Only a single dose usually required
- Immunity is generally long-lived
- No adjuvant required
Live vaccines (active immunization)
Disadvantages of live vaccines
- Vaccine microorganism may still be dangerous for immunosuppressed people or
pregnant women, who do not have the immunologic resources to resolve even a weakened infection - The vaccine microorganism may revert to a virulent form (for viruses)
- The viability of the vaccine must be maintained
Calmette-Guerin bacillus (tuberculosis) is an example of a ______ ______
- attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis
- not routinely used in United States because vaccinated individuals show a false-positive reaction to the tuberculosis test used in this country (PPD test = purified protein derivative test)
Bacterial vaccines
MMR vaccine
measles virus (Paramyxovirus family; genus Morbillivirus) mumps virus (Paramyxovirus family; genus Paramyxovirus) rubella virus (Togavirus family; genus Rubivirus)
Varicella-zoster virus (also available as part of MMRV vaccine)
Viral Vaccines
the host immune responses associated with disease protection
correlates of protection
What two vaccines protect solely or principally by induction of serum antibodies?
hepatitis A
Tetanus
___ ____ play a role in protection against infections caused by agents that must first replicate on mucosal surfaces.
-example: rotavirus
Secretory antibodies
What two infections requre Vaccines for which T-cell responses are essential?
measles and varicella
