Coronavirsues

Question 1

Are coronaviruses + or - strain RNA or DNA viruses?

Answer 1

+ strand RNA viruses

Question 2

Are coronaviruses enveloped?

Answer 2

Yes

Question 3

_____ is the agent of COVID-19

- cause of up to 30% of common colds

Answer 3

SARS-CoV-2

Question 4

______ is agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

Answer 4

SARS-CoV

Question 5

_____ = atypical pneumonia

- jumped from animals to humans

Answer 5

§SARS

Question 6

_____ is a viral respiratory illness; 30-40% mortality rate

Answer 6

MERS

Question 7

______ can be asymptomatic or presymptomatic; mild, moderate, severe, and critical:

Answer 7

SARS-CoV-2

Question 8

______ is a viral respiratory illness that has a 30-40% mortality rate.

Answer 8

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV)

Question 9

Coronavirus has a (+) grna which allows it to udnergo transcription ______.

Answer 9

immediately.

Question 10

individuals who have SpO2 <94% on room air at sea level, a ratio of arterial partial pressure of oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) <300 mmHg, respiratory frequency >30 breaths per minute or lung infiltrates >50%.

Answer 10

Severe illness caused by SARS-CoV-2

Question 11

Individuals who have respiratory failure, septic shock, and or multiple organ dysfunction

Answer 11

critical illness caused bu SARS-CoV-2`

Question 12

Severe acute respiratory syndrome in severe/critical illness

Answer 12

SARS

Question 13

SARS-CoV-2 enters host cells through a _____ receptor.

Answer 13

ACE2

Question 14

1. Direct Cytotoxic effect
2. Dysregulation of the RAAS
3. Endothelial cell damage and thromboinflammation
4. Dysregulated immune response

Answer 14

Mechanism of SARS-CoV-2

Question 15

angiotensin converting enzyme (cleaves angiotensin II (vasoconstrictor) to angiotensin 1-7 (vasodialator) ACE2 activity lowers blood pressure

Answer 15

ACE2

Question 16

transmembrane protease, serine 2 (cleaves (“primes”) Spike protein)

Answer 16

TMPRSS2

Question 17

renin angiotensin aldosterone system (blood pressure regulation)

Answer 17

RAAS

Question 18

T/F: COVID 19 is associated with deterious effects on many other oragn systems.

Answer 18

true

Question 19

+ stranded RNA viruses

do not have envelope

Answer 19

Picornaviruses

Question 20

habitat = gastrointestinal tract include: poliovirus and coxsackievirus

echoviruses - enteric cytopathic human orphan viruses

Answer 20

enteroviruses

a category of Picornaviruses

Question 21

habitat = respiratory epithelium

Answer 21

rhinoviruses

a category of Picornaviruses

Question 22

very stable in food and water also stable at pH 3 (stomach)

Answer 22

Enteroviruses:

Question 23

t/f: Organ involvement for enteroviruses:
only occurs if viremia persists
usually does not; <5% typically

Answer 23

true

Question 24

Sensitive to acidic pH Replicate poorly above 33 C

Answer 24

Rhinoviruses

Question 25

3 antigenic types PV 1, PV2, PV3 Capsid differences between types Icosahedral capsid (30 nm - small!) plus strand RNA genome 7500 nt in length

Answer 25

poliovirus

Question 26

poliovirus receptor (PVR)

Answer 26

CD155

Question 27

RNA alone can cause infection! | -shown by researchers

Answer 27

POLIOVIRUS

Question 28

destruction of host cells virus is shed into stool up to 10,000 virus per infected cell) even weeks to months after symptoms gone

Answer 28

lytic virus

Question 29

Transmission of polio virus

Answer 29

fecal-oral

Question 30

Internal Ribosome Entry Site

Answer 30

Poliovirus IRES

Question 31

T/F: IRES serves as the “cap” of the viral RNA, promoting translation of viral RNA into viral proteins

Answer 31

true

Question 32

Because of____, translation starts far from the 5 end of poliovirus RNA (normal mRNA translation starts near 5’ end)

Answer 32

IRES

Question 33

results from destruction of anterior horn cells in spinal cord

Answer 33

Flaccid Paralysis (poliovirus)

Question 34

most severe form respiratory muscle paralysis (medulla oblongata) ~25% mortality

Answer 34

Bulbar poliomyelitis

Question 35

Live oral vaccine (Sabin) mimics the normal infection process of poliovirus Killed parenteral vaccine (Salk) only generates serum antibodies

Answer 35

Poliovirus vaccines

Question 36

aseptic meningitis herpangina- sudden onset of fever vesicles/ulcers on tonsils and palate

Answer 36

group A coxsackieviruses

Question 37

hand, foot, and mouth disease blisters on hand, feet, and palate

Answer 37

coxsackievirus type A16

Question 38

heart (myocarditis) respiratory tract (pleurodynia) mucous membranes of eye (hemorrhagic conjunctivitis)

Answer 38

group B coxsackieviruses

Question 39

~ 100 serotypes account for ~1/2 the cases of the common cold bind to respiratory epithelial cells ICAM-1 (most) or VLDL receptor (some) replication details very similar to poliovirus Acid sensitive and 33oC optimum for replication no tissue destruction

Answer 39

Rhinoviruses

Question 40

Vaccine prospects for Rhinoviruses are______ due to too many variants

Answer 40

poor

Question 41

viruses transmitted by arthropods multiply in tissues of vector, often without producing disease For many arboviruses humans are dead-end hosts: viremia of short duration virus levels in blood are low

Answer 41

Arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses)

Question 42

plus stranded RNA (single linear molecule) enveloped

Answer 42

Togaviruses

Question 43

2 phases of translation -first produce early proteins and then late proteins -like coronavirus

Answer 43

Togavirus replication

Question 44

Member of Togavirus family Rubivirus genus but not arthropod-borne Rubella = German measles one of the 5 childhood exanthems (along with measles, roseola, chickenpox, and fifth disease)

Answer 44

Rubella virus

Question 45

plus stranded RNA (single linear molecule) enveloped

Answer 45

Flaviviruses

Question 46

mostly mild illness (Zika fever) except for congenital infection of fetus, which leads to microcephaly and other birth defects transmitted by mosquitos from person to person (most common) Aedes aegypti mosquito (worldwide distribution of A. aegypti below)

Answer 46

Zika virus (a Flavivirus)

Question 47

T/f: Zika virus is also transmitted sexually

Answer 47

true

Question 48

most prevalent disease caused by arboviruses | does not cause significant mortality

Answer 48

Dengue fever

Question 49

generally not a zoonosis: transmitted by mosquitos from person to person

Answer 49

Dengue fever

Question 50

when partial immunity exists due to prior infection dengue hemorrhagic shock (DHS) dengue shock syndrome (DSS) due to immune enhancement. virus forms immune complex/readily enter macrophages increases viral load

Answer 50

Dengue fever

Question 51

historical importance – first human disease found to be caused by a virus – first viral disease confirmed to be spread by insect vector – Mosquito: Aedes aegypti • spread by two methods (via mosquito) – human to human – monkey to human

Answer 51

yellow fever

Question 52

– severe cases of ____ ____ results in | • jaundice • lesions and hemorrhaging of infected organs

Answer 52

yellow fever

Question 53

____ ____ is treated via attenuated live vaccine and insect control measures

Answer 53

yellow fever