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Microbiology > Herpes > Flashcards

Herpes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Double-stranded DNA genome
enveloped
Genome = 125,000 -236,000 base pairs
1. Encode a large array of enzymes involved ina. nucleic acid metabolism (thymidine kinase, thymidylate synthetase, dUTPase, ribnucleotide reductase)b. DNA synthesis (DNA polymerase, helicase, primase)c. protein processing (protein kinases)
2. Synthesis of viral DNAs and capsid assembly occur in the nucleus, while final processing of virions occurs in the cytoplasm
3. Production of virus results in destruction of the infected cell
4. Able to exist in a latent state in their natural hosts while retaining the capacity to replicate and cause disease upon reactivation

A

Human Herpesviruses (Chapters 41 and 42)

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2
Q

What are the 4 significant biological properties shared by the herpes viruses?

A
  1. Encode a large array of enzymes involved ina. nucleic acid metabolism (thymidine kinase, )
    b. DNA synthesis (DNA polymerase)
    c. protein processing (protein kinases)
  2. Synthesis of viral DNAs and capsid assembly occur in the nucleus, while final processing of virions occurs in the cytoplasm
  3. Production of virus results in destruction of the infected cell
  4. Able to exist in a latent state in their natural hosts while retaining the capacity to replicate and cause disease upon reactivation
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3
Q

_____ herpesvirus:
HSV-1 (HHV-1) fever blisters
HSV-2 (HHV-2) sexually transmitted genital lesions
VZV(HHV-3) chicken pox and shingles

A

Alpha herpesviruses

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4
Q

_____ herpesvirus:
CMV
HHV-6 roseola
HHV-7 Roseola

A

Beta herpesviruses

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5
Q

_____ herpesvirus:
EBV (HHV-4) infectious mononucleosis
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus

A

Gamma herpesviruses

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6
Q

______ viruses are fragile (enveloped)susceptible to heat, detergent, drying

A

Herpes

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7
Q

Generally require direct inoculation
mucous membranes more susceptible than skinCMV and EBV can be transmitted through infected leukocytesVZV is mostly transmitted by aerosols

A

Herpes

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8
Q

____:
Cascade of gene expression
Attach to and infect adjacent cells upon release
Budding directly onto and into adjacent cells
Therefore get a local spread of virus (predominantly)
Syncytia can form

A

Herpesvirus lytic cycle

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9
Q

Get changes in nuclear structure -chromatin shifted to margins of nucleus
-Cowdry type A acidophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies

A

herpes virus

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10
Q

Stained cells infected with a herpes virus show _____ formation (multinucleated cells)(= Tzanck cells from Tzanck smear (scraping from the base of the lesion) and _______ bodies (darkly staining nuclear region).

A

syncytia formation; intranuclear inclusion

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11
Q

Anti-herpesvirus antibodies play _____ role in recovery from primary disease and on recurrent disease

A

minor

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12
Q

anti-herpes virus antibodies can help prevent ______

VZV vaccine is effective

A

primary disease

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13
Q

Cell-mediated immune mechanisms play the _____ role in recovery

A

major

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14
Q 
MHC class I and II proteins displaying viral antigens on surface of infected cell activate T lymphocytes directly kill the infected cell or secrete cytokines and chemokines to attract macrophages, etc.
Cell-mediated immune response varies with age neonates: problems with HSVs; elderly: problems with VZV
A

CMI herpes virus immune response

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15
Q

HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV envelope glycoproteins bind ____domain of antibodies and complement components, blocking their ability to promote an antiviral response.

A

Fc domain

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16
Q

____ proteins reduce type I interferon production and its downstream signaling pathway

A

HSV proteins

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17
Q

_____ proteins can prevent MHC class I and II proteins from being expressed on the surface of infected cells

A

HSV proteins

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18
Q

____ results in no expression of viral proteins and therefore no peptides for MHC proteins to display

A

Latency

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19
Q

_____: disease facial or genital herpes, stomatitis, or keratitisl ocalizied

A

Acute herpes

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20
Q

Exposure of skin, mucosa, or cornea to secretions containing virus
Replication of virus in epithelial cells, causing vesicular mucocutaneous lesions, stomatitis, or keratitis
Spread to peripheral sensory or autonomic nerve endings and ganglia

A

Acute herpes

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21
Q

____: acquired very early in life (e.g. kissing)2/3 of adults are Ab+

A

HSV-1

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22
Q

____: mostly transmitted by genital contact uncommon before adolescence1/5 of adults are Ab+

A

HSV-2

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23
Q

Are HSV-1 or 2 infections symptomatic or asymptomatic?

A

Asymptomatic

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24
Q

Healing of lesions and establishment of latent infections in neurons

A
  1. Recovery
25
Q

Maintenance of latent infections in neurons

A
  1. Latency
26
Q

______: cold sores, fever blisters, keratitis, or genital lesions localized
-Reactivation of latent virus and distal spreadRecurrent lesions caused by virus replication in epithelial cells

A
  1. Recurrent disease
27
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_ of various herpesviruses can be induced by:
Local trauma (surgery or nerve pressure)
Mental tension
Fatigue
Menstruation
Exposure to bright light
Aging effects
A

reactivation

28
Q

Ocular herpes is which HSV?

A

1

29
Q

Oral herpes is mainly which HSV?

A

1

30
Q

Genital herpes is mainly HSV?

A

2

31
Q

____ is an infection of the eye related to herpes and can lead to scarring/blindness

A

Herpes keratitis

32
Q

______; vesicles on oral mucosa, the tongue, and gingivae confused with acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) when gingivae inflamed

A

Primary infection by HSV-1 or HSV-2

33
Q

_____: -reactivation of latent HSV-1 or HSV-2

A

Herpes labialis (cold sore)

34
Q

_____ causes chicken pox and shingles

A

VZV

35
Q

Aerosol transmission
Local viral replication in respiratory tract
Virus progresses to phagocytic cells via the bloodstream and lymphatic system
Secondary viremia spreads the virus throughout the body, including the skin
occurs 11-13 days post infection
skin lesions appear over the entire body
systemic spread is different from herpes simplex viruses
Virus spreads cell-to-cell like HSVs except epithelial cells of lung keratinocytes and skins lesions, which can release virus

A

VZV

36
Q

_____ replication is similar to HSVs but slower [smallest genome of HHVs (~125,000 bp)]
also establishes latent infection of neurons
dorsal root ganglia or cranial nerve ganglia

A

VZV

37
Q

_____ reactivated in older adults with impaired cell-mediated immunity
virus is released along the entire neural pathway to infect the skin
causes a vesicular rash along the entire dermatome = herpes zoster or shingles
postherpetic neuralgia in 30% of older patients
pain for months to years after zoster

A

VZV

38
Q

______ is area of skin innervated by fibers from a single dorsal root spinal nerve

A

Dermatome

39
Q

Anti-VZV antibodies play ____ role in recovery from primary disease and on recurrent disease

A

minor

40
Q

Cell-mediated immune mechanisms play the _____ role in recovery as for HSVs

A

major

41
Q

)infects B lymphocytes and epithelial cells

A

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV; HHV-4

42
Q

infects a wide variety of cells

A

Cytomegalovirus (CMV; HHV-5)

43
Q

____ and _____ replication within host cells is very similar to general description of herpesvirus replication given previously

A

EBV and CMV

44
Q

Establishment of _____ persistent/chronic infection

A

CMV

45
Q

Establishment of _____ latent infection
latent infection in memory B cells
virus proteins produced during latency promote B cell proliferation

A

EBV

46
Q 
\_\_\_\_and \_\_\_\_\_
infections are very common
95% of adults in developing world
50-60% of adults in United States
usually asymptomatic when acquired early
A

CMV and EBV

47
Q

breast milk not a important route of virus spread

Symptomatic infections when acquired after childhood: infectious mononucleosis

A

EBV

48
Q

most common viral infection of the fetus in humans
leads to severe disease and permanent neurological damage,
including hearing loss and learning disabilities

A

Congenital CMV

49
Q

_______ is seen in: Hodgkin disease, African Burkitt lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

EBV:

50
Q

large inclusions in tissue specimens (“owl eye”inclusions)

A

CMV

51
Q
  • PCR
  • heterophile antibody or “monospot” test
  • infection induces production of large number of antibodies that recognize RBC antigens of other species (“heterophile antibodies”)
  • Monospot test: agglutination of horse RBCs by heterophile antibody in patient’s serum
A

EBV

52
Q

_____ virus: congenital infection and mononucleosis

A

CMV

53
Q

____ virus:mononucleosis

A

EBV

54
Q

______: roseola

A

HV-6 and 7

55
Q

trigeminal nerve affected in 15% of cases
Ophthalmic > maxillary > mandibular divisions involved (lesions)
oral pain often precedes rash and mimics toothache pain
most common intraoral sites affected:
anterior half of tongue
soft palate
cheek

A

Shingles (VZV)

56
Q

-infectious mononucleosis
painful sore throat at onset of infection
rash may be present at junction of hard and soft palates (fine petechial hemorrhages)
White pseudomembrane may develop on tonsils and other parts of oral mucosa

A

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

57
Q

_______ and _____ are present in majority of advanced periodontal lesions

A

Epstein-Barr virus(EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV)

58
Q

Possible roles for herpesviruses in ________:

  1. Viruses may cause direct cytopathic effects
  2. Gingival viruses may promote bacterial attachment/colonization
  3. CMV and EBV can infect monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes in lesions and impair cell function.
  4. Viruses induce a proinflammatory response that can result in tissue destruction.
  5. Viruses can suppress host defenses locally and systemically
A

periodontal disease

Microbiology (46 decks)

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