Principle 2- Part A Flashcards
What are the 6 macroelements required for cell components used for components of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids?
C, O, N, H, S, P
What are the 4 macroelements required for cell components that exist as cations and play many roles, including cofactors of enzymes?
K, Ca, Mg, Fe
What are the 6 trace elements required for cell components that are mainly needed as cofactors of enzymes?
Mn, Zn, Co, Mb, Ni, Cu
What type of organisms use light for source of energy?
Phototrophs
What type of organisms use oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds for source of energy?
Chemotrophs
What type of organisms use reduced inorganic molecules as a source of reducing equivalents?
Lithotrophs
What type of organisms use organic molecules as a source of reducing equivalents?
Organotrophs
What are the 3 processes that require electron donors?
ETC
Oxidation reduction rxns
Biosynthesis in autotrophs
What types of organisms use CO2 as their main/only source of carbon?
Autotrophs
What types of organisms use reduced, preformed organic molecules as their source of carbon?
Heterotrophs
What are the main N sources?
amino acids
ammonia,
nitrate -> ammonia
N2
What is the main P source?
inorganic phosphate (PO43-)
What are the 2 main S sources?
sulfate (SO42-) reduced sulfur (e.g. cysteine)
What are the 3 main growth factors used as nutrient sources?
amino acids
purines and pyrimidines
vitamins (small organic molecules)
_____ perform aerobic respiration only final electron acceptor is oxygen(reduced to H2O)
Strict aerobes
_____ can perform respiration and fermentation
-most medically relevant bacteria
facultative anaerobes
What is the final electron acceptor for strict aerobes?
Oxygen
What is the final electron acceptor for strict anaerobes that perform anaerobic respiration?
Inorganic molecules
What is the final electron acceptor for strict anaerobes that perform fermentation?
Organic molecules
What are the 4 Gram positive bacteria species in the mouth?
Streptococcus
Peptostreptococcus
Actinomyces
Lactobacillus
What 2 species of Gram + bacteria in the mouth are facultative anaerobes only?
Streptococcus
Lactobacillus
What species of Gram + bacteria in the mouth are strict anaerobes only?
Peptostreptococcus
What species of Gram + bacteria in the mouth are strict or facultative anaerobes?
Actinomyces
What are the 7 gram negative bacteria species in the mouth?
Veillonella spp. Aggregatibacter spp. Capnocytophaga spp. Porphyromonas spp. Prevotella spp. Fusobacterium spp. Spirochetes spp.
What is the only cocci gram negative bacteria species in the mouth?
Veillonella spp.
What is the only spiral gram negative bacteria species in the mouth?
Spirochetes spp.
What are the 2 capnophilic gram negative bacteria species in the mouth?
Aggregatibacter spp.
Capnocytophaga spp.
What are the 5 strict anaerobes gram negative bacteria species in the mouth?
Veillonella spp. Porphyromonas spp. Prevotella spp. Fusobacterium spp. Spirochetes spp.
move from higher conc. to lower conc.
no energy requirement
Utilize permeases
Facilitated diffusion
_____ are carrier proteins embedded in the plasma membrane
permeases
Transported substances are chemically altered during the process.
This process uses energy: phosphate bond in phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). Phosphate from PEP is transferred to several protein intermediates, eventually becoming linked to the transported substance.
Also called a phosphotransferase system (PTS or PEP-PTS)
Some sugars are transported this way
Group translocation
What is the source of energy for group translocation?
PEP
Energy is used to drive the accumulation of a substance, which remains unchanged by the transport process.
Active transport
_____-driven transport systems use proton motive force (gradient of protons) by coupling to an energetically unfavorable transport event (concentration of a substance against a gradient)
Common substances transferred are amino acids.
Ion-driven
________ dependent transport systems use membrane proteins that form a channel and drive substances through the channel using the energy from ATP hydrolysis.
Common substances transferred are sugars and amino acids.
Binding protein dependent
What type of transport use carriers that can be saturated?
All active transport
What do microorgs use to take up ferric iron?
Sideophores
_____ ______ organisms have complex needs and can only grow in association with the human body or in complex culture medium (example: blood agar).
Ex. Staphylococci and Streptococci
Nutritionally Fastidious Organisms
Growth in real world and culturing in laboratory reflects______ needs
nutritional
____ ____ can grow on more than 30 different organic compounds, using each to obtain C, H/electrons, and energy.
E. coli
Growth in real world is________.
suboptimal
T or F Microbes Still cause damage to host when not growing
true
When immunogenic or toxin producing
• Maximize efficiency in using energy and resources
- Respond to changes
- Pathways can be switched on and off
- pathways can be turned up or turned down
Mechanisms of Adaptation
What are two ways of establishing control?
control of enzyme activity (in pathway)
control of number of enzyme molecules (in cell)
What is one example of controlling enzyme activity?
allosteric regulation
All enzymes have_____ sites (for catalysis)
Some enzymes also have_____ sites (for regulation)
- active
2. allosteric
allosteric sites bind regulatory molecules:
- noncovalent
- reversible
- affects activity of enzyme
- positive effectors increase activity
- negative effectors decrease activity
Characteristics of allosteric sites
a. change affinity of enzyme for substrate
b. change Vmax
Action of effector molecules
Attenuation
Control of the number of enzyme molecules
Regulation of enzyme synthesis
_____ is slower than allosteric control
Attenuation
catabolic pathways control transcription initiation by _____ ______.
Gene induction (by inducer)
anabolic pathways control transcription initiation by _____ ______.
gene repression (by corepressor)
