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Microbiology > Principle 2- Part A > Flashcards

Principle 2- Part A Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 6 macroelements required for cell components used for components of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids?

A

C, O, N, H, S, P

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2
Q

What are the 4 macroelements required for cell components that exist as cations and play many roles, including cofactors of enzymes?

A

K, Ca, Mg, Fe

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3
Q

What are the 6 trace elements required for cell components that are mainly needed as cofactors of enzymes?

A

Mn, Zn, Co, Mb, Ni, Cu

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4
Q

What type of organisms use light for source of energy?

A

Phototrophs

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5
Q

What type of organisms use oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds for source of energy?

A

Chemotrophs

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6
Q

What type of organisms use reduced inorganic molecules as a source of reducing equivalents?

A

Lithotrophs

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7
Q

What type of organisms use organic molecules as a source of reducing equivalents?

A

Organotrophs

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8
Q

What are the 3 processes that require electron donors?

A

ETC
Oxidation reduction rxns
Biosynthesis in autotrophs

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9
Q

What types of organisms use CO2 as their main/only source of carbon?

A

Autotrophs

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10
Q

What types of organisms use reduced, preformed organic molecules as their source of carbon?

A

Heterotrophs

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11
Q

What are the main N sources?

A

amino acids
ammonia,
nitrate -> ammonia
N2

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12
Q

What is the main P source?

A

inorganic phosphate (PO43-)

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13
Q

What are the 2 main S sources?

A 
sulfate (SO42-)
reduced sulfur (e.g. cysteine)
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14
Q

What are the 3 main growth factors used as nutrient sources?

A

amino acids
purines and pyrimidines
vitamins (small organic molecules)

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15
Q

_____ perform aerobic respiration only final electron acceptor is oxygen(reduced to H2O)

A

Strict aerobes

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16
Q

_____ can perform respiration and fermentation

-most medically relevant bacteria

A

facultative anaerobes

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17
Q

What is the final electron acceptor for strict aerobes?

A

Oxygen

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18
Q

What is the final electron acceptor for strict anaerobes that perform anaerobic respiration?

A

Inorganic molecules

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19
Q

What is the final electron acceptor for strict anaerobes that perform fermentation?

A

Organic molecules

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20
Q

What are the 4 Gram positive bacteria species in the mouth?

A

Streptococcus
Peptostreptococcus
Actinomyces
Lactobacillus

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21
Q

What 2 species of Gram + bacteria in the mouth are facultative anaerobes only?

A

Streptococcus

Lactobacillus

22
Q

What species of Gram + bacteria in the mouth are strict anaerobes only?

A

Peptostreptococcus

23
Q

What species of Gram + bacteria in the mouth are strict or facultative anaerobes?

A

Actinomyces

24
Q

What are the 7 gram negative bacteria species in the mouth?

A 
Veillonella spp.
Aggregatibacter spp.
Capnocytophaga spp.
Porphyromonas spp.
Prevotella spp.
Fusobacterium spp.
Spirochetes spp.
25
Q

What is the only cocci gram negative bacteria species in the mouth?

A

Veillonella spp.

26
Q

What is the only spiral gram negative bacteria species in the mouth?

A

Spirochetes spp.

27
Q

What are the 2 capnophilic gram negative bacteria species in the mouth?

A

Aggregatibacter spp.

Capnocytophaga spp.

28
Q

What are the 5 strict anaerobes gram negative bacteria species in the mouth?

A 
Veillonella spp.
Porphyromonas spp.
Prevotella spp.
Fusobacterium spp.
Spirochetes spp.
29
Q

move from higher conc. to lower conc.
no energy requirement
Utilize permeases

A

Facilitated diffusion

30
Q

_____ are carrier proteins embedded in the plasma membrane

A

permeases

31
Q

Transported substances are chemically altered during the process.
This process uses energy: phosphate bond in phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). Phosphate from PEP is transferred to several protein intermediates, eventually becoming linked to the transported substance.
Also called a phosphotransferase system (PTS or PEP-PTS)
Some sugars are transported this way

A

Group translocation

32
Q

What is the source of energy for group translocation?

A

PEP

33
Q

Energy is used to drive the accumulation of a substance, which remains unchanged by the transport process.

A

Active transport

34
Q

_____-driven transport systems use proton motive force (gradient of protons) by coupling to an energetically unfavorable transport event (concentration of a substance against a gradient)
Common substances transferred are amino acids.

A

Ion-driven

35
Q

________ dependent transport systems use membrane proteins that form a channel and drive substances through the channel using the energy from ATP hydrolysis.
Common substances transferred are sugars and amino acids.

A

Binding protein dependent

36
Q

What type of transport use carriers that can be saturated?

A

All active transport

37
Q

What do microorgs use to take up ferric iron?

A

Sideophores

38
Q

_____ ______ organisms have complex needs and can only grow in association with the human body or in complex culture medium (example: blood agar).

Ex. Staphylococci and Streptococci

A

Nutritionally Fastidious Organisms

39
Q

Growth in real world and culturing in laboratory reflects______ needs

A

nutritional

40
Q

____ ____ can grow on more than 30 different organic compounds, using each to obtain C, H/electrons, and energy.

A

E. coli

41
Q

Growth in real world is________.

A

suboptimal

42
Q

T or F Microbes Still cause damage to host when not growing

A

true

When immunogenic or toxin producing

43
Q

• Maximize efficiency in using energy and resources

  • Respond to changes
  • Pathways can be switched on and off
  • pathways can be turned up or turned down
A

Mechanisms of Adaptation

44
Q

What are two ways of establishing control?

A

control of enzyme activity (in pathway)

control of number of enzyme molecules (in cell)

45
Q

What is one example of controlling enzyme activity?

A

allosteric regulation

46
Q

All enzymes have_____ sites (for catalysis)

Some enzymes also have_____ sites (for regulation)

A
  1. active

2. allosteric

47
Q

allosteric sites bind regulatory molecules:

  • noncovalent
  • reversible
  • affects activity of enzyme
    • positive effectors increase activity
    • negative effectors decrease activity
A

Characteristics of allosteric sites

48
Q

a. change affinity of enzyme for substrate

b. change Vmax

A

Action of effector molecules

49
Q

Attenuation

A

Control of the number of enzyme molecules

Regulation of enzyme synthesis

50
Q

_____ is slower than allosteric control

A

Attenuation

51
Q

catabolic pathways control transcription initiation by _____ ______.

A

Gene induction (by inducer)

52
Q

anabolic pathways control transcription initiation by _____ ______.

A

gene repression (by corepressor)

Microbiology (46 decks)

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