Principle 4- Part A

Question 1

: a class of chemotherapeutic agents

Answer 1

Antibiotics

Question 2

_________ are chemical compounds used to treat disease

Answer 2

Chemotherapeutic agents

Question 3

______ destroy pathogenic microbes or inhibit their growth within host

Answer 3

Antimicrobials

Question 4

______ destroy or inhibit bacteria

Answer 4

Antibiotics

Question 5

_____: artificial means of destroying bacteria, protozoa, viruses, and fungi

Answer 5

Antibiotics

Question 6

–ability of drug to kill or inhibit pathogen while damaging host as little as possible

Answer 6

selective toxicity

Question 7

–drug level required for clinical treatment

Answer 7

therapeutic dose

Question 8

–drug level at which drug becomes too toxic for patient (i.e., produces side effects)

Answer 8

toxic dose

Question 9

–ratio of toxic dose to therapeutic dose

Answer 9

therapeutic index

Question 10

_______ antibiotics–kill bacteria

Answer 10

Bacteriocidal

Question 11

_______ antibiotics–inhibit growth of bacteria

Answer 11

Bacteriostatic

Question 12

________ antibiotics–attack many different bacteria (Gram + and Gram -)

Answer 12

Broad-spectrum

Question 13

_______ antibiotics–attack only a few different bacteria

Answer 13

Narrow-spectrum

Question 14

The Level of Antimicrobial Activity effectiveness is expressed in what two ways?

Answer 14

MIC and MBC

Question 15

•lowest concentration of drug that inhibits growth of pathogen

Answer 15

minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)

Question 16

•lowest concentration of drug that kills pathogen

Answer 16

minimal bacteriocidal concentration (MBC)

Question 17

What are the two techniques that are routinely used to determine MIC and MBC?

Answer 17

Dilution susceptibility tests and disk diffusion tests

Question 18

•involves inoculating media containing different concentrations of drug
–broth or agar with lowest concentration showing no growth is MIC
–if broth used, tubes showing no growth can be subcultured into drug-free medium•broth from which microbe cannot be recovered is MBC

Answer 18

Dilution Susceptibility Tests

Question 19

• disks impregnated with specific drugs are placed on agar plates inoculated with test microbe
• drug diffuses from disk into agar, establishing concentration gradient•observe clear zones (no growth) around disks

Answer 19

Disk Diffusion Tests

Question 20

• standardized method for carrying out disk diffusion test
• sensitivity and resistance determined using tables that relate zone diameter to degree of microbial resistance
• table values plotted and used to determine if concentration of drug reached in body will be effective

Answer 20

Kirby-Bauer method

Question 21

concentration of drug at infection site must be _____ than MIC to be effective

Answer 21

Greater than

Question 22

What are the 3 Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Drugs?

Answer 22

• ability of drug to reach site of infection
• ability of drug to reach concentrations in body that exceed MIC of pathogen
• susceptibility of pathogen to drug

Question 23

What are the 3 modes of administration of drugs?

Answer 23

Oral
Topical
Parenteral

Question 24

Drugs can be excluded by what 2 things in the body to inhibit it from reaching the site of infection?

Answer 24

Blood clots or necrotic tissue

Question 25

What are the 4 Factors influencing ability of drug to reach concentrations exceeding MIC?

Answer 25

• amount administered
• route of administration
• speed of uptake
• rate of clearance (elimination) from body

Question 26

Is a higher or lower therapeutic index better?

Answer 26

Higher

Question 27

Mechanism of _____ of Antimicrobial Agents can impact pathogen by targeting some function necessary for its reproduction or survival

Answer 27

Action

Question 28

What do antimicrobial agents that disrupt bacterial cell wall disrupt?

Answer 28

Peptidoglycan structure