Principles 1- Part C Flashcards
What are the 3 terms used to describe the layers of material lying outside the cell wall of prokaryotes?
Capsules, Slime Layers, and S-Layers•
______ •usually composed of polysaccharides
•well organized and not easily removed from cell
capsules
______ •similar to capsules except diffuse, unorganized and easily removed
slime layers
_____–network of polysaccharides extending from the surface of the cell
–a capsule or slime layer composed of polysaccharides
glycocalyx
FUnctions of _____ include:
•protection from viral infection or predation by bacteria
•protection from chemicals in environment (e.g., detergents)
•motility of gliding bacteria
•protection against osmotic stress
Capsule/Slime layers
–short, thin, hairlike, proteinaceous appendages
•up to 1,000/cell
–mediate attachment to surfaces
fimbriae
–similar to fimbriae except longer, thicker, and less numerous (1-10/cell)
–required for mating
sex pili
____ are polysaccharide appendages on prokaryotes
LPS
What are the 3 parts of flagella?
Filament
Basal body
Hook
–one flagellum
•monotrichous
–flagellum at end of cell
•polar flagellum
–one flagellum at each end of cell
•amphitrichous
–cluster of flagella at one or both ends
•lophotrichous
–spread over entire surface of cell
•peritrichous
•formed by some bacteria
•dormant
•resistant to numerous environmental conditions
–heat–radiation–chemicals–desiccation
Bacterial endospore
Eukaryote or prokaryote? •membrane-delimited nuclei •membrane-bound organelles that perform specific functions •more structurally complex Generally larger
Eukaryote
•irregular network of branching and fusing membranous tubules and flattened sacs (cisternae –s., cisterna)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
–ribosomes attached
–synthesis of secreted proteins by ER-associated ribosomes
•rough (granular) ER
–devoid of ribosomes
–synthesis of lipids by ER-associated enzymes
•smooth (agranular) ER
Functions of _____ include:
–transports proteins, lipids, and other materials within cell
–major site of cell membrane synthesis
–synthesis of lysosomes
ER
- membranous organelle made of cisternae stacked on each other
- involved in modification, packaging, and secretion of materials
Golgi
–stacks of cisternae
•dictyosomes
Which face of the golgi is associated with the ER?
Cis face
Which face of the golgi releases the secretory vesicle?
Trans face/ maturing face
–membrane-bound vesicles
–contain hydrolytic enzymes needed for digestion of macromolecules
lysosomes
–uptake of solutes or particles by enclosing them in vesicles or vacuoles pinched off from the plasma membrane
endocytosis
–Endocytosis of particles or bacterial cells
•Phagocytosis
–Endocytosis of solutes
•Pinocytosis
- site of tricarboxylic acid cycle activity
* site where ATP is generated by electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation
Mitochondria
•_____ membrane of mitochondria:
–highly folded to form cristae (s., crista)
–location of enzymes and electron carriers for electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation
inner membrane
_____ of mitochondria:
–contains ribosomes, mitochondrial DNA, and large calcium phosphate granules
–contains enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the β-oxidation pathway for fatty acids
Matrix
–membrane-bound structure that houses genetic material of cell
nucleus
–dense fibrous material within nucleus
–contains DNA
–condenses to form chromosomes during cell division
chromatin
–double membrane structure that delimits nucleus
–penetrated by nuclear pores
nuclear envelope
_____ allow materials to be transported into or out of nucleus
nuclear pores
