RESEARCH METHODS : PROBABLITIY AND SIGNIFICANCE

Question 1

each study has how many hypothesis

Answer 1

2

Question 2

what is an orgianl or alternate hypothesis

Answer 2

states there will be an effect

Question 3

whats the symbol for original or alternate hypothesis

Answer 3

H1

Question 4

What is a null hypothesis

Answer 4

states there wont be an effcet

Question 5

nul hypothesis symbol

Answer 5

H0

Question 6

GIVE EXAMPLE OF ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS

Answer 6

there will be an effect n pt depression score

Question 7

give example of null hypothesis

Answer 7

states there wont be an effect

Question 8

what do stat test tell us about null hypothesis

Answer 8

whether or not to reject null hypothesis

Question 9

if we reject the nul hypothesis whta does this say about the study

Answer 9

good and stat test told me results are good

Question 10

we look for what rather than truth

Answer 10

significance

Question 11

lets say we find a difference and everyone imporved this dont means the results are …….

because resuts could easily be down to

Answer 11

of value/significnat

chance

Question 12

all studies ewmploy a significance level in order to

Answer 12

check for significant differences or relationships

Question 13

significance levl is the point at which

Answer 13

point at wihc researcher can claim to have discovered a large enough difference or correlation within the data to calim an effcet has been found

Question 14

signficnace level in short

Answer 14

point at whihc researcher can reject teh null hypothesis and accept teh alternative hypothesis

Question 15

stat tests tell us whether

Answer 15

reuslts are significant o rnot

Question 16

what is the accepted level of proability and waht you use unless told otherwise

Answer 16

0.05 / 5%

Question 17

the usual level of signicfane is 0.05 how do you write this properly

Answer 17

p<_0.05

Question 18

0.05 is the elvel at whihc waht is accepte

Answer 18

alternative/original hypothesis is accepted

Question 19

what doe a 0.05 level of probaility tell us

Answer 19

less than 5% proabilty result occured by chance

Question 20

if results come back as significant after conducting a stat test what does this mean probability wise

Answer 20

95% proability my result occured due t the manipulation of the IV on the DV ?

Question 21

p of 0.05 measn even if researcher claims to have found asignificant difffrence/correlation

Answer 21

there is still up to a 5% chance that it isnt true for the target population in whihc the sample was drawn

Question 22

why cna psycholoigsts never be 100% certain about a particular result

so they have

Answer 22

theyve not ested all members of the population under all possible circumnstances - this is not practical economically due to time and costs

so theyve settled on a conventional level of proability where tehyve prepared to accept results may have occured by chance

Question 23

some studies have a 0.001 level of probaility this depdns on

Answer 23

what the researchers are trna achieve

Question 24

5% is an accpetable

Answer 24

margin of error

Question 25

choosing the wrong significance level can lead to

Answer 25

type 1 error

type 2 error

Question 26

what is a type 1 error

Answer 26

when you choose a significance level thats too high such as 0.1/10%

the incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis

flase positive

Question 27

what happens when you have a type 1 error

Answer 27

reult in rejecting a null hypothesis thats true

fasle positive

null hyp rue

alt hyp wrong

say results are signficant when tehyre actually not

Question 28

what is a tyoe 2 error

Answer 28

the failure to reject a false null hypothesis

a false negative

when you choose a significance level that is too low e.g 1% or 0.01%

Question 29

what happens when you have a type 2 error

Answer 29

null hypothesis is accepted but alt hypothesis should have been accepted

because its true

Question 30

why dopsychologists facour hte 5% level of significance

Answer 30

best balances the risk of making a type 1 or type 2 error

Question 31

once a stat test been calculated whats teh result

Answer 31

a number - calculated value

Question 32

to check for stat significance teh calculated value must be

Answer 32

compared with a critical value

Question 33

what is a critical value

Answer 33

a number that tells us whether or not we can reject the nulll hypothesis and accept eh alternative hypotheis

Question 34

each stat test has its own

Answer 34

table of critical values developed by staticians

Question 35

what is the rule of R

Answer 35

Stat test with the letter R in their name re those where calculated value must be = to or more than critical vlue

+ there is an r in more

Question 36

how do we know which critical value ot use

Answer 36

one or two tailed test

numbe of participants in the study /degrees of freedom

level of significance

Question 37

when do we use a one tailed test

Answer 37

directional hypothesis

Question 38

when do we use a two tailed test

Answer 38

non directional hypothesis

Question 39

when and why do probailty levels double

Answer 39

when two tailed test is being used

as they are a more conservative prediciton

Question 40

number of pt in the study usually appear as

Answer 40

n value on the table

Question 41

when would a stringetn / low level of singifanec be used e.g 0.01

Answer 41

studies where there may be a human costs such as drug trials

or one off studises where for practical reasons cannot be reoeated in teh future

Question 42

what happens if there is a large difference between the calcualted and critical values

Answer 42

in teh preferred direction
the researcher will check more stringent levels as the lower the p value
the more statistically significnant the result