GENDER : ATYPICAL GENDER DEVELOPMENT

Question 1

some men and women feel a mismatch between

Answer 1

thioer biological sex and the gender they feel they are

Question 2

individuals who have gender disphoria do not what

Answer 2

identify as their sex given at birth

Question 3

gender dysphoria can be a source of

Answer 3

stress and discomfort

Question 4

as gender dysphoria can be a sopurce of stress and discomfort what is it recognised as

Answer 4

a psycholigical disorder IN the DSM 5

Question 5

In its categorisation of gender dysphoria what does the DSM 5 specifically exclude

Answer 5

intersex conditions that have abiological basis such as KLINEFELTERS SYNDROME

Question 6

Even though DSM5 specifically excludes intersex conditions that have abiological basis such as KLINEFELTERS SYNDROME nevertheless its plausible that gender dysphoria may be subject to

Answer 6

some biological influence

Question 7

one biological explantion suggests that gender dysphoria has a basis in

Answer 7

brain structure - the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

BST

Question 8

what is the BST involved in

Answer 8

emtional responses as well male sexual behaviour in rats

Question 9

which gender is the BST larger in

Answer 9

men

Question 10

in what type of individuals apart from female , has the BST found to be female sized

Answer 10

transgender females

Question 11

what suggestion does the brain sex theory threfore lead to

Answer 11

those with gender dysphoria have a BST which is the size of the gender they identify with , not their biological sex

Question 12

the dimorphism ( what does this mean) in the BST fits with the report made by people who are transgender that they feel

Answer 12

(report made by people who are transgender that they feel )

froma n early age they were born the wrong sex

Question 13

in a folow up study waht did 6 transgender individuasl show

Answer 13

an avg BST neuron number in the female range

Question 14

what did coolidge et al 2000 assess and why

Answer 14

157 twin pairs for evidence of gender dysphoria

Question 15

how many of the 157 twin pairs where dyozygotic and monozygotic

Answer 15

96 MZ

61 DZ

Question 16

WHAT DID COOLIDGE ET AL AND HIS RESEARCHER FIND

Answer 16

62% of variance could be accoutned for by genetic factors

Question 17

researchers found 62% of variance could be accoutned for by genetic factors - what does this suggest

Answer 17

theres a strong heritable component to gender dysphoria

Question 18

what did heylens et al 2012 compare and why

MZ and DZ

Answer 18

23 MZ twins
w
21 DZ twins where one of each pair was diagnosed w gender dysphoria

Question 19

what did heylens et al find and what does this indicate

Answer 19

39%of MZ twins were concordant for gender dysphoria copmared to non of the DZ

indicates tje role for genetic factors in the development of gender dysphoria

Question 20

what does the social cosntructisim perspective argue

2 points

Answer 20

gender identity doesnt reflect the underlying biological differences between people

and isntead tehse concepts are invented by societiees !

Question 21

in terms of the social constructisim POV why do individuals with gender dysphria get gender confusion

Answer 21

society forces people to be man or woman they must pick a side and act accordingly

Question 22

according to the social constructism argument gender dysphoria is not a

Answer 22

pathological condition as described by the DSM5

Question 23

According to the social constructism argument gender isnt a pathological condition but a

Answer 23

social phenomenon whihc arises when people are required to choose one of two particular paths

Question 24

what did MCCLINtock 2015 cite

Answer 24

the case of indi witha gentic condiiton in the sambia of new guinea

(5 alpha reductase deficiency)

Question 25

what does 5 alpha reductase casue

Answer 25

some bio males to be categorised as females at borth cuase got labia and a clitoris

Question 26

during 5 alpha reductase what happens ot boys during puberty

Answer 26

genitals change casue of a larg eincreases in testosterone

testes descend and clitoris enlarges into a penis

Question 27

the genetic variation is common among the sabia and what ahs it led to eb routinley accepted

Answer 27

some people are men

some women

and others kwolu aatmwol - femlaes then males

Question 28

since the sambia cultre have come into contact w otehr cultures what are kwolu aatmwol now judged as

Answer 28

having a pathological form of gender dysphoria

Question 29

in teh psychoanalytical theory OVESEY and PERSON 1973 emphasise what as the cuase of gneder dysphoria ….

Answer 29

social relationships within the family

Question 30

what does the psychoanlaytical theory / ovesey and person argue that gender dysphoria in males is cuased by

Answer 30

a boy xp extreme seperation anxiety before gender identity ahs been establsihed

Question 31

during the extreme seperation how does boy cope

Answer 31

fantasises of a symbiotic fusion with his mum to relieve the anxiety and the danger of seperation is removed

Question 32

what is the consequence of xp extreme seperation anxiety and symbiotically fusion with a mother

Answer 32

boy becomes mother and apopts a woman’s gender identity

Question 33

the theory of psychoanalytical theory has support from

Answer 33

Stroller 1973

Question 34

explain how the psychoanalytical theory of gender has support from stroller. he reported that…

and what did this suggest

Answer 34

he reports that in interviews GenderDysphoried biological males dispalyed overly clsoe relationships with their mothers

suggesting stronger female identification and thus conflicted gender identity in the long term

Question 35

LIMITAIOTN OF BIOLOGICAL EXPL - CHALLENGIN EVIDENCE

Answer 35

It is claimed that the BSTc is fully formed at the age of 5, and therefore cannot be affected by hormone treatment that the transgender person may be given as part of their transgender therapy.
- If this is true, then it would support the view that the BSTc plays a causal role in GID.
- However, Pol et al (2006) found that transgender hormone therapy did affect the size of the BSTc.
- This means that we cannot rule out the possibility that the size of the BSTc is a result of treatment, rather than being the cause of the condition.

Question 36

LIMITATION- BIOLOGICAL EXPL - LOW VALIDITY OF RESARCH

Answer 36

• Twin studies only partially support a genetic link in GID.
• This is because the concordance rate is much below 100% for MZ twins (39% in Heylens’ study)
• Therefore this suggests that even if there is a genetic element to GID, there must be other environmental factors involved for the condition to be triggered (*CHECK this is a problem as it reduced the strength of biological explanations for GD)
• Additionally , the research typically involves very small samples, so generalisation is an issue as we cant apply these results and findings to a wider population

Question 37

LIMITATION - BIOLOGICAl expl is reductionist

Answer 37

• The explanation reduces GID to simple biological factors, which is too simplistic a view to allow us to fully understand the origins of GID.
• There is no account taken of how environmental, social or cultural factors may play a part.
• The fact that incidence of GID has increased in recent years would suggest a social/cultural element.
• Therefore, the interactionist approach is likely more suitable an explanation.

Question 38

LIMITATION PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY LACKS VALIDITY

Answer 38

• Doesn’t offer an adequate explanation of GID in females.
• In addition, Rekers’ research suggests that gender disturbance in boys is more likely to be associated with the absence of the father, rather than fear of separation from the mother.
• Furthermore, the assumption that GID is caused by separation anxiety is very hard to test.
• The fantasies that trigger the condition are thought to exist at an unconscious level and are therefore inaccessible to the conscious mind.
• This means that evidence is limited and the theory is little more than speculation.

Question 39

LIMITATIO - not accounting for biological factors pose a limitation for PSYCHODYNAMIC explanation

ICL CHECK ALL YOUR EVALS

Answer 39

• • Evidence increasingly suggests that the influences of hormones and genetics is the main cause of GID, but there is little evidence to suggest a totally biological explanation.
• Therefore, social psychological explanations of GID may be useful in understanding the factors that contribute towards the development of GID, but are unlikely to be sufficient as a stand alone explanation.

Question 40

LIMITATINO - lack of research support

psychodynamic explanation research support
verifying males acceptance unconsciously
gender dysphoria difficult mother unconscious level
scientific criterion falsifiability pseudo science

Answer 40

P: One limitation of the psychodynamic expl of gender dysphoria is that it lacks research support

E: there is no way of verifying is females believe if they become male they may gain acceptance from their father as this occurs …
E: This assumption that … … is caused by separation is also … to test as fantasies about the … occur at an … …
L: As a result this theory does not meet the … … of … this affords it the status of …-…