GENDER : ROLE OF CHROMOSOMES AND HORMONES

Question 1

What are chromosomes made from

Answer 1

DNA

Question 2

what are genes

2 marks

Answer 2

short sectinos of DNA

that determine characteristics of a lving thing

Question 3

how many chromosomes are there in the human body and what are they arranged into

Answer 3

46 chromosomes

23 pairs

Question 4

the last of the 23 pairs of 46 chromosomes determines what

Answer 4

biological sex

Question 5

what is the chromosomal structure for females

Answer 5

XX

Question 6

what is the chromosomal structure for males

Answer 6

XY

Question 7

chromoomal trucutres are XX and XY because

Answer 7

this is how tey appear when viewed under a microscope

Question 8

what chromsome do all normal eggs produced by a human ovary ahve

Answer 8

X

Question 9

what chromosems do sperms carry

Answer 9

X or Y

Question 10

A baby’s sex is determined by …

Answer 10

sperm that fertilises the egg cell

Question 11

baby is female if the fertilising sperm carries an

Answer 11

X chromosome

Question 12

baby is male if the fertilising sperm carries a

Answer 12

Y chromosome

Question 13

the Y chromosome carries a gene called the

Answer 13

sex determining region Y

Question 14

how can we say the gene: sex determining region Y in short

Answer 14

SRY

Question 15

What does the SRY gene cause to develop in an XY embryo

Answer 15

testes

Question 16

teh sry gene casues etstes to develop in the XY embryo and what do these produce

Answer 16

androgens

Question 17

what are androgens

Answer 17

male sex hormones

Question 18

chromosomes intially determine …

Answer 18

a persons sex

Question 19

chrmosomes intially determine a persons sex but how does most gender development come about

Answer 19

through the influence of hormones

Question 20

what happens prenatally in the womb
2 marks

Answer 20

hormones

act upon brain development

and cause development

of the reproductive organs

Question 21

at puberty during adolescence waht happens

Answer 21

burst of hormonal activity

triggers teh development of secondary sexual characteristics

such as pubic hair

Question 22

males and females produce many of the same hormones but

Answer 22

in different conentrations

Question 23

of primary importance in male development are a number of hormones called

Answer 23

androgens

Question 24

what is the most widely known androgen

Answer 24

testosterone

Question 25

testosterone is a

Answer 25

male hormone

Question 26

true or false testosterone is present in small quantities in women

Answer 26

true

Question 27

what does teststerone contorl

Answer 27

development of male sex hormoens during foetal development

Question 28

what happens if a genetic male produces no testosterone during foetal development

Answer 28

no male sex organs appear

Question 29

if a genetic female produces high levels of testosterone during foetal develpoment what may happen

Answer 29

male sex organs may appear

Question 30

what does evolutionaru explanation link high testosterone to and why

Answer 30

aggresion becasue it's adaptive

Question 31

explain two reasons why aggression is adaptive

Answer 31

aggression towards rivals allows males to compete for the oppotunity to mate with a fertiile female the fact that women tend to children means men are more likely to take the hunter role and success would be enhanced by aggressiveness

Question 32

what is oestrogen 3 marks

Answer 32

female hormone that determines female sexual characteristics and menstruation

Question 33

Alongside physical changes what can oestrogen cause during a menstrual cycle

Answer 33

heightened emotionality and irritability

Question 34

when effects of high emotionlity and irritability become A diagnoSABLE disorder what is it referred to

Answer 34

premenstrual syndrome (PMS) premenstrual tension (PMT)

Question 35

in extreme cases waht has PMS been used succesfully as a defence for

Answer 35

murder shoplifting

Question 36

in the extreme cases that murder has been used to defend what have some researchers disputed

Answer 36

the existence of PMS as a viable medical category

Question 37

compared the levles of oxytocin between men and women

Answer 37

women produce it in larger amounts than men

Question 38

why do women typically produce larger amount sof oxytocin than men

Answer 38

its the result of giving birth

Question 39

the hormone oxytocuin stimulates

Answer 39

lactation - making it possible for mums to breastfeed their kids

Question 40

what horomne does oxytocin reduce

Answer 40

stress hormone cortisol

Question 41

oxytocin reduces the stres hormone cortisol and faiclitates

Answer 41

bonding

Question 42

because oxytocin reduces cortisol and faciliates bonding its referred to as the

Answer 42

love hormone

Question 43

when is oxyctocin released in large quamtities

Answer 43

during labour and after childbirth

Question 44

oxytocin makes mothers feel ...

Answer 44

in love with their baby

Question 45

the fact men produce less of oxytocin has fuelled what stereotype

Answer 45

men are less interested in intimacy and closeness within a relationship

Question 46

the stereotype men are less intersed in intimacy within a relarionship etccc has been counterargued about evidence suggest both,men and women produce roughly equal amounts of oxyctocin during what

Answer 46

amorous activities e.g kissing and sexual intercourse

Question 47

: According to the biological explanation of gender, the chromosomes, hormones and reproductive systems that develop will influence the development of the brain, in particular, the size of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (ScN) what is this area associated

Answer 47

with our psychological gender identity.

Question 48

the hormone testosterone is implicated in the size of the

Answer 48

SDN

Question 49

The hormone testosterone is implicated in the size of the SDN and therefore

Answer 49

the SDN is approximately 2.5 times bigger in genetic males than in genetic females

Question 50

extension evaluation gender - biologically reductionist (I&D)

Answer 50

The biological theory is criticised for taking a biologically reductionist view of gender. It assumes that this complex psychological and physiological part of our identity can be broken down to the lowest level of explanation - genes and hormones. As a consequence, the theory ignores the roles of any nurturing influences such as culture or media. For example, by the time children are five years old, they have already established some biological gender development and have been exposed to gender roles and stereotypes in their environment. This makes it incredibly hard to disentangle nature and nurture influences, concluding that the biological theory of gender should acknowledge a broader, more holistic view of gender.

Question 51

LIMITATION - oversimplified

Answer 51

One limitation of the biological approach of gender is the oversimplification of hormones. Theapproach proposes that there are distinct male hormones (testosterone) and female hormones (oestrogen) however, many argue that this is a very simplified view of hormones. Both of these hormones are found in men and women in different concentrations and are not isolated to each gender, which the biological approach appears to suggest. Therefore, the endocrine system involved in gender identity is more complex than initially proposed.

Question 52

strength - research support young

Answer 52

One advantage of the biological explanation of gender is the research support it has gathered. Young (1966) manipulated the amount of testosterone exposed to unborn baby rats and found that the female offspring were born masculinised. The masculinised female offspring played more aggressively, had an increased size in the SND, and they demonstrated more exploratory behaviour, in contrast to female offspring who were not exposed to more testosterone in utero. This provides support for the claim that hormones and physiology are highly influential in gender development.