DEALING WITH OFFENDING BEHAVIOUR - CUSTODIAL SENTENCING

Question 1

whats is custodial sentencing

Answer 1

involves a convicted offender spending time in a prison or another closed institutiont e.g young offenders institute

Question 2

what ar ethe four mainr easons for custodial sentening

Answer 2

deterrence

incapacitation

retribution

rehabilitation

Question 3

what is the idea behind deterrence

Answer 3

the unpleasant prison xp is designed to put off the individual/ society from engaging in offending behaviour

Question 4

what two levels does deterrence work on

Answer 4

general deterrence

individual deterrence

Question 5

what is general detterenece

Answer 5

aims to send a broad message to mebers of a socity that crime wont be tolerated

Question 6

what is individual deterrence

Answer 6

should prevent individual from repeating the same offencences in light of their experience

Question 7

deterrence is based on what idea

Answer 7

behaviourist idea of conditionig through vicarious punishemnt

Question 8

what is incapacitation

Answer 8

when offender is taken out of society to prevent ehm offedning as a means of protecting the public

Question 9

what is hte need for incapacitation dependent on

Answer 9

severity of offence and nature of offender

Question 10

give a contetual example of the need for incapacitation

Answer 10

individuals in society need more protection from serial murderer

than

elderly perosn who refuses to pay council tax

Question 11

what is retribution

Answer 11

society is enacting revenge for the offence by making the offender suffer

Question 12

in terms of retribution - socuety makes the offender suffer , how should the level of suffering be

Answer 12

proportionate to the seriousness of the offence

Question 13

retribution is based on the bibilicl notion of

Answer 13

an eye for an eye

that the offender in some way shoudl pay for their actions

Question 14

in terms of retibutionhow is prison seen

Answer 14

best possible option

alternaitves to prison are criticised as soft options

Question 15

what is rehabilitation

Answer 15

seeing main objective of prison to reform not to purely punish

when released prisoners should be better adjusted and ready to take their plce bakc in society

Question 16

rehabilitation - what 3 things should prison provide

Answer 16

opps to develop skills and traingin

access treatment programmes e.g for drug addiciton

give offender chance to reflect on offence

Question 17

what are the sever psychological affect sassociate dwith serving time in prison

Answer 17

stress and depression

institutionalisation

prisonisation

Question 18

outlien stress and depression

Answer 18

suicide rates higher in prisons than in general popluations + incidents of self mutilation and self harm

stress prison xp increases risk of developing psych disorders following release

Question 19

outline institutionalisation

Answer 19

relates to

having adapted to norms of and routines of prison life

inmates may become so accustomed to these they’re no longer able to function on the outside

Question 20

outline prisonisation

Answer 20

refers to way offenders are socialised into adopting an inmate code

behaviour considered unacceptable in outside world may be encouraged and rewarded inside walls of instution

Question 21

recidivism

Answer 21

a tendency to relapse into a previous condiiton or mode of behaviour

e.g reoffending

Question 22

what do recidivism rates in ex prisoners tell us

Answer 22

to what extent prison acts as an effective deterent

Question 23

uk minsitry of justice reports proven figures within

Answer 23

one year of release

Question 24

what does proven mean

Answer 24

perosn been caught

Question 25

in recent years uks receedivism rate been around

Answer 25

45%

Question 26

reoffending rates vary with what 4 things

Answer 26

time period after release

age of offender

crime comitted

country

Question 27

the us , usa , denamrk reguraly record offending rates in excess of

Answer 27

60%

Question 28

what are norway reofeending rates

Answer 28

as low as 20%

Question 29

why is norway reoffending figure significant

Answer 29

less empahsis on incarceration

greater emphasis on rehabilitaiton and skills development

than elsewhere

Question 30

school for crime - limtation

Answer 30

A limitation of custodial sentencing is that offenders may learn to become better offenders.

Alongside legitimate skills offenders may acquire during their time in prison

they may also undergo a more dubious educatinon as part of theri sentence

inccarceration with , long term inmates may also give the younger/short-term inmates an opportunity to learn the ‘tricks of the trade’.

They may also acquire criminal contacts whilst in prison that they may follow up once their released

. This form of education may undermine the attempts to rehabilitate prisoners and could actually make re-offending more likely

Question 31

strength - traing and treatmetn

Answer 31

streght = provides opportunities for traing and treatmetn

an obj of imprisonment is rehabilitaion- offender may become better people during their time in prison and their imporved character may mean they may be able to lead a crime free life when back in society

many offeders access eduationa nd trainign whilst in prison increases the possiblity they will find employment upon release

the vera institute of justicec claims offenders who take part in college education programmes are 43% less likely to reoffend follwoign release and that prisons who ofer these programmes report fewer incidents of violence

this suggests prison may be a worthwhile experience assuming offenders are able to access these programmes

Question 32

limitation - negatvoe psychological effect on prisoners

Answer 32

bartol suggested that for many offenders imprisonment can be brutal , demeaning an genrally devastating

according to ministry of justice 119 people k word themselves in england and wales in 2016
whihc was a an increase of 32% on previous year

most at risk are young single men during the first 24 hours of confinement

study conducted by prison reform trust found 25% of women and 15% of men in prison reported symptoms of psychosis

this supprots the view that opressive prison regimes may be detrimental to psychological health which could impact on rehabilitaiton

however this doesnt tell us about prisoners xp psychotic symptoms before incarceration so we cant be sure if the data tell us facts