issues and debates - free wiill and detemrinsims

Question 1

what is the debate

Answer 1

are people able to decide for themselves if they shoudl act in a certain way

or is behaviour the resut of forces iver which we have no contorl

Question 2

what is free will

Answer 2

idea humans are essentially self determining

and

free to choose own thoughts and actions at all time

Question 3

in terms of free will talk about other forces

Answer 3

e.g biological and environmental can influence our behaviour

but we can choose to ignore/reject them

e.g humansitic psychology

Question 4

what approach has free will as a fundamnetal belief

Answer 4

humanistic approach

Question 5

determnism is the opposite of

Answer 5

free will

Question 6

what is determinism

Answer 6

internal (hormones) or external forces(rewards)

view that an individuals behaviour is shaped/controlled by internal or external forces rather than an indi will to do something

Question 7

what are the 2 main types of determinism

Answer 7

hard

soft

Question 8

what os ahrd determinsim

Answer 8

view all behaviour is caused by something (internal or externla factors) so free will is an illusion

Question 9

an assumption of hard deterinsim is that free will is nothing but an illusion therfore

Answer 9

everything is predetermined

Question 10

how do we rember hard determinism

Answer 10

lamb going into slaughter

pick left / right

still gonna get saliughtered regardless

Question 11

soft determinsims is less extreme than

Answer 11

hard determinism

Question 12

what is soft detemrinims

Answer 12

idea all human behaviour has a cause

but room for flexibiilty

people got certain degree of control over the way they behave , but only in the realms of what they know

Question 13

how do we rember soft determinism

Answer 13

guy has choice over which direction train is gonn ago but either way gonna hit someone

Question 14

which approaches sually advocate soft determinsm

Answer 14

cogntive elemnt e.g SLT learn thoguh obsv but hve choice whther or not to carry out bhaviour

Question 15

what are the 3 subtypes of hard determinism

Answer 15

biological

environmentla

psyhcic

Question 16

what is biological determinsim

Answer 16

idea al human behaviour is innate and by our genes/hormones/brain chemistry

Question 17

give example of biological determinism

Answer 17

nestadt et al found 68% of identical twins shared OCD only 31% of non identical twins

suggests people genetic make up can make em vulnerable to OCD

Question 18

What is an important side note of OCD: modern psychs..

Answer 18

modern psychologists usually recognise the fcat enviro can mediate the influence of biology

Question 19

what is enviro determinsims

Answer 19

idea free will is an illusion and all behaviour caused by condiitnoing

its effectivley behaviourism

Question 20

give an exmaple of enviro determinism

Answer 20

behaviorusit approach to phobias suggest phobias acquired thorugh cc maintained through OC

SUGGESTING AT LEAST TO SOME extent behaviour is determined byt he enviro

Question 21

what is osychic determinism

Answer 21

idea all human behaviour si teh result of childhood expereinces and innate drives

Question 22

give example of psychic determinsim

Answer 22

psychodynamic explanatino s of gender identitiy

development of gender identity is based on succesful identification with same sex parent which mean behaviour determined by succesful/unsuccesful identification with your parents

wheter un/succ affects bejhaviour in life

behaviour int erms of gender identity determined by idenitifcationwith parent

Question 23

give another example of psychic determinism

Answer 23

authotarian perosnality expl for obedience

Question 24

causal explanations - why are determinsitic approaces considered more scientific

Answer 24

scientific research is based on the belief that all events have a cause which can be covered and expl using general laws

deterministic approaches allow us to infer caue and effect which is in line with science

Question 25

whats our evaluation points

Answer 25

humanistic argument against detemrinims

determinsim provides an excuse

free will is an illusion

Question 26

humanistic psychologists argue against idea of deterins

x psychologists would argue x the idea of determisnsm claiming that humans have x x and free will

there is x to support this calim. identical twin studies typically find an x% similarity in x scores and a x% similarity in teh likelihood of x.
However as identical twins share x% of their genes these results suggest that x% is cuased by other environmentla factors

however as Id twins share x% of genes these results suggest x% is caused by x factors
which demonstartes biological x is unable to explain x particular behaviour , in this case x and inteligence

the same evidence indicates no behaviour is completely x determined . If ID teins only hsow a x% likeness in terms of intelligence its assumed only x% is caused by teh x

highloighting a x with biological and x determinism

Answer 26

humansitic psychologists would argue against the idea of determisnsm claiming that humans have self determinatino and free will

there is evidence to support this calim. identical twin studies typically find an 80% similarity in intelligence scores and a 40% similarity in teh likelihood of depression.
However as identical twins share 100% of their genes these results suggest that 20% is cuased by other environmentla factors

however as Id twins share 100% of genes these results suggest 20% is caused by environemntla factors
which demonstartes biological determinism is unable to explain any particular behaviour , in this case depression and inteligence

the same evidence indicates no behaviour is completely environmentally determined . If ID teins only hsow a 80% likeness in terms of intelligence its assumed only 20% is caused by teh enviro

highloighting a limiatation with biological and environemtla determinism

Question 27

eval - determinism provides an excuse

many psycho x and x experts dont x a x POV as if a behaviour is deterined by outside forces taht provides a potential x for x acts

e.g xxx stephen x argued he was born to x after killing a x shop manager, because his family had a x towards x and x behaviour. This arguent was x by an x court

therfore a hard determinsit position may be x as it provides an x allowing people to x their own xand could lead to x leagl issues regarding the nature of x and x

Answer 27

many psycho theorists and legal experts dont favour a deterinsitic POV as if a behaviour is deterined by outside forces taht provides a potential excuse for criminal acts

e.g 1991 stephen mobley argued he was born to killl after killing a pizza shop manager, because his family had a disposition towards violence and aggressive behaviour. This arguent was rejected by an american court

therfore a hard determinsit position may be undesirable as it provides an excuse allowing people to mitigate their own liablitu and could lead to vexing leagl issues regarding the nature of resposbillyt and intent

Question 28

free will is an illusion explanation

some psycholgists such as x argue free will is an x

skinner insisited our behaviour is in fact x detemrined evenif we’re x or x to admit it

in addition more x supports this cliam

x et al found x regiosn of the x become active x a person registers x awareness of a x i.e descion to x finger was actually x action of the x

this strongly x many repsonses are x determined and although we may beleive we have free will skinners cliam may be x

Answer 28

some psycholgists such as skinner argue free will is an illusion

skinner insisited our behaviour is in fact enviro detemrined evenif we’re unable or unwilling to admit it

in addition more recent evidence supports this cliam

libet et al found mototr regiosn of the brain become active before a person registers conscious awareness of a descision i.e descion to move finger was actually predeterined action of the brain

this strongly suggest many repsonses are biologically determined and although we may beleive we have free will skinners cliam may be correct